地球科学
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相似问题和答案
第1题：
城市气候 名词解释
参考答案：是在区域气候背景上,经过城市化后,在人类活动影响下而形成的一种特殊局地气候。城市气候的特征可归纳为城市“五岛效应”即浊岛、热岛、干岛、湿岛、雨岛。
第2题：
The world's oceans have warmed 50 percent faster over the last 40 years than previously thought due to climate change,Australian and US climate researchers reported Wednesday．Higher ocean temperatures expand the volume of water,contributing to a rise in sea levels that is covering small island nations and threatening to destroy the low-lying,densely-populated low regions around the globe.
The study,published in the British journal Nature,adds to a growing scientific chorus of warnings about the pace and consequences rising oceans．It also serves as a corrective to a massive report issued last year by the Nobel-winning UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(IPCC),according to the authors.
Rising sea levels are driven by two things:the thermal expansion of sea water,and additional water from melting sources of ice．Both processes are caused by global warming．The ice sheet that sits atop Greenland,for example,contains enough water to raise world ocean levels by seven meters,which would bury sea-level cities from Dhaka to Shanghai.
Trying to figure out how much each of these factors contributes to rising sea levels is critically important to understanding climate change,and forecasting future temperature rises,scientists say．But up to now,there has been a puzzling gap between the projections of computer-based climate models,and the observations of scientists gathering data from the oceans.
The new study,led by Catia Domingues of the Centre for Australian Weather and Climate Research,is the first to reunite the models with observed data．Using new techniques to assess ocean temperatures to a depth of 700 meters from 1961 to 2003,it shows that thermal warming contributed to a 0.53 millimeter-per-year rise in sea levels rather than the 0.32 mm rise reported by the IPCC.
The rise in water levels is especially dangerous for small island nations and__.
The study,published in the British journal Nature,adds to a growing scientific chorus of warnings about the pace and consequences rising oceans．It also serves as a corrective to a massive report issued last year by the Nobel-winning UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(IPCC),according to the authors.
Rising sea levels are driven by two things:the thermal expansion of sea water,and additional water from melting sources of ice．Both processes are caused by global warming．The ice sheet that sits atop Greenland,for example,contains enough water to raise world ocean levels by seven meters,which would bury sea-level cities from Dhaka to Shanghai.
Trying to figure out how much each of these factors contributes to rising sea levels is critically important to understanding climate change,and forecasting future temperature rises,scientists say．But up to now,there has been a puzzling gap between the projections of computer-based climate models,and the observations of scientists gathering data from the oceans.
The new study,led by Catia Domingues of the Centre for Australian Weather and Climate Research,is the first to reunite the models with observed data．Using new techniques to assess ocean temperatures to a depth of 700 meters from 1961 to 2003,it shows that thermal warming contributed to a 0.53 millimeter-per-year rise in sea levels rather than the 0.32 mm rise reported by the IPCC.
The rise in water levels is especially dangerous for small island nations and__.
A.low-lying urban areas
B.all coastal cities
C.people who live on the beach
D.Shanghai
B.all coastal cities
C.people who live on the beach
D.Shanghai
答案：A
解析：
第一段和第三段。海水水位升高，将威胁到小岛国家，也将淹没地球上一些低洼的人口密集的区域。说人口密集肯定是城市了。第三段举例说，海水水位若升高7米，从孟加拉国的首都达卡到中国的上海，这样的海平面的城市都将被淹没选项D只是一个例子。
第3题：
Adelaide enjoys the Mediterranean climate．
正确答案：
阿德莱德属地中海气候。
阿德莱德属地中海气候。
第4题：
城市气候
正确答案: 是在区域气候背景上，经过城市化后，在人类活动影响下而形成的一种特殊局地气候。城市气候的特征可归纳为城市“五岛效应”即浊岛、热岛、干岛、湿岛、雨岛。
第5题：
如何理解保存型城市设计（Urban Conservation）概念？
正确答案: 它通常与具有历史文脉和场所意义的城市地段相关，强调城市物质环境建设的内涵和品质。
第6题：
共用题干
Climate Change Poses Major Risks for Unprepared Cities
A new examination of urban policies has been carried out recently by Patricia Romero Lankao. She is a so-
ciologist specializing in climate change and_____________(51) development. She warns that many of the world'5
fast-growing urban areas,especially in developing countries,will likely suffer from the_____________(52)of
changing climate. Her work also concludes that most cities are failing to_____________(53)emissions of carbon
dioxide and other greenhouse gases. These gases are known to affect the atmosphere.
"Climate change is a deeply local issue and poses profound_____________ (54) to the growing cities of the
world,"says Romero Lankao. "But too few cities are developing effective strategies to protect their residents."
Cities are_____________(55)sources of greenhouse gases.And urban populations are likely to be among
those most severely affected by future climate change.Lankao's findings highlight ways in which city-resi-
dents are particularly vulnerable,and suggest policy interventions that could offer immediate and longer-term
____________ (56).
The locations and dense construction patterns of cities often place their populations at greater
_____________(57)for natural disasters.Potential threats associated with climate include storm surges and pro-
longed hot weather. Storm surges can flood coastal areas and prolonged hot weather can heat_____________(58)
paved cities more than surrounding areas. The impacts of such natural events can be more_____________(59)in
an urban environment. For example,a prolonged heat wave can increase existing levels of air pollution,causing
widespread health problems.Poorer neighborhoods that may_____________(60)basic facilities such as drinking
water or a dependable network of roads,are especially vulnerable to natural disasters.Many residents in
poorer countries live in substandard housing_____________(61)access to reliable drinking water,roads and
basic services.
Local governments,therefore,should take measures to_____________(62)their residents."Unfortunately,
they tend to move towards rhetoric_____________(63)meaningful responses,"Romero Lankao writes,"They don't
impose construction standards that could reduce heating and air conditioning_____________(64).They don't em-
phasize mass transit and reduce automobile use.In fact,many local governments are taking a hands-off ap-
proach."_____________(65),she urges them to change their idle policies and to take strong steps to prevent
the harmful effects of climate change on cities.
Climate Change Poses Major Risks for Unprepared Cities
A new examination of urban policies has been carried out recently by Patricia Romero Lankao. She is a so-
ciologist specializing in climate change and_____________(51) development. She warns that many of the world'5
fast-growing urban areas,especially in developing countries,will likely suffer from the_____________(52)of
changing climate. Her work also concludes that most cities are failing to_____________(53)emissions of carbon
dioxide and other greenhouse gases. These gases are known to affect the atmosphere.
"Climate change is a deeply local issue and poses profound_____________ (54) to the growing cities of the
world,"says Romero Lankao. "But too few cities are developing effective strategies to protect their residents."
Cities are_____________(55)sources of greenhouse gases.And urban populations are likely to be among
those most severely affected by future climate change.Lankao's findings highlight ways in which city-resi-
dents are particularly vulnerable,and suggest policy interventions that could offer immediate and longer-term
____________ (56).
The locations and dense construction patterns of cities often place their populations at greater
_____________(57)for natural disasters.Potential threats associated with climate include storm surges and pro-
longed hot weather. Storm surges can flood coastal areas and prolonged hot weather can heat_____________(58)
paved cities more than surrounding areas. The impacts of such natural events can be more_____________(59)in
an urban environment. For example,a prolonged heat wave can increase existing levels of air pollution,causing
widespread health problems.Poorer neighborhoods that may_____________(60)basic facilities such as drinking
water or a dependable network of roads,are especially vulnerable to natural disasters.Many residents in
poorer countries live in substandard housing_____________(61)access to reliable drinking water,roads and
basic services.
Local governments,therefore,should take measures to_____________(62)their residents."Unfortunately,
they tend to move towards rhetoric_____________(63)meaningful responses,"Romero Lankao writes,"They don't
impose construction standards that could reduce heating and air conditioning_____________(64).They don't em-
phasize mass transit and reduce automobile use.In fact,many local governments are taking a hands-off ap-
proach."_____________(65),she urges them to change their idle policies and to take strong steps to prevent
the harmful effects of climate change on cities.
_________(59)
A:standard
B:meaningful
C:serious
D:friendly
A:standard
B:meaningful
C:serious
D:friendly
答案：C
解析：
由文章第一段的第一句可知，Patricia Romero Lankao是对城市的政策进行的考察，她ft 专业肯定是和城市发展有关的，故选A。
由文章第一段的第二句“She is a sociologist specializing in climate change and urban de velopment.”可知，Patricia Romero Lanka。是研究气候变化和城市发展的专家，因此这里讨论白 应是气候变化带来的影响。单词impact意思为“影响”，故选B。
单词reduce意思为“减少”;increase意思为“增加，增长”;study意思为“研究”;measur 作动词意思为“测量，检测”。根据文章大意，这里指的是一些国家没能降低二氧化碳和其他 温室气体的排放，故选A。
单词threat意思为“威胁”;interest意思为“兴趣”;implication意思为“暗示，牵连” difference意思为“差异，不同”。词组pose threat to...意思为“对……造成威胁”，符合句意，故选A。
根据常识可知，城市是温室气体的主要源头，故本题应选major“主要的”。
本句大意为：Lankao的研究发现强调了城市居民在多方面易受（温室效应的）影响，司 必须制定一些具有即时和长期……的政策进行干预。单词sign意思为“迹象”;benefit意思夕 “益处，好处”;chance意思为“机会”;plan意思为“计划”，根据句意，应选B。
词组place/put…at risk为固定搭配，意思为“使……处于险境”。这里指的是城市的仁 置以及城市稠密的建筑群使得城市人口处于更危险的境况，故选C。
第四段第一句已经提到城市的位置和稠密建筑群使其人口处于更危险的境况，heavilypaved cities指稠密铺设的城市群，符合题意，故选B。
由前文可知，城市更容易受到自然灾害的侵袭，即自然灾害对城市的影响更为严重，澎 选C。
根据常识可知，缺少基础设施的社区抵抗自然灾害的能力更差，故选B。
本句承接上文，继续说明贫困国家的居民居住在条件较差的房子里，没有可靠的饮用 水、道路和基本的服务，故应选B。
本句的大意为：地方政府应该采取措施保护它们的居民。单词identify意思为“确认， 鉴定”;educate意思为“教育”;protect意思为“保护”;evaluate意思为“评估”，故应选C。
由下文的“They don' t impose construction standards that could reduce heating and air con- ditioning”可知，这些政府没有采取能够降低温度、调控温度需求的建筑标准，这说明他们实际 上是口惠而实不至，即“move towards rhetoric rather山an meanin脚1 responses"，故选B。
单词need意思为“需求”;waste意思为“浪费”;area意思为“地区、地域”;resources意 思为“资源”。结合句意应选A。
在说明了地方政府的不干预政策之后，Patricia Romero Lankao进行了总结，建议这些政 府改变他们的政策，故选D。
由文章第一段的第二句“She is a sociologist specializing in climate change and urban de velopment.”可知，Patricia Romero Lanka。是研究气候变化和城市发展的专家，因此这里讨论白 应是气候变化带来的影响。单词impact意思为“影响”，故选B。
单词reduce意思为“减少”;increase意思为“增加，增长”;study意思为“研究”;measur 作动词意思为“测量，检测”。根据文章大意，这里指的是一些国家没能降低二氧化碳和其他 温室气体的排放，故选A。
单词threat意思为“威胁”;interest意思为“兴趣”;implication意思为“暗示，牵连” difference意思为“差异，不同”。词组pose threat to...意思为“对……造成威胁”，符合句意，故选A。
根据常识可知，城市是温室气体的主要源头，故本题应选major“主要的”。
本句大意为：Lankao的研究发现强调了城市居民在多方面易受（温室效应的）影响，司 必须制定一些具有即时和长期……的政策进行干预。单词sign意思为“迹象”;benefit意思夕 “益处，好处”;chance意思为“机会”;plan意思为“计划”，根据句意，应选B。
词组place/put…at risk为固定搭配，意思为“使……处于险境”。这里指的是城市的仁 置以及城市稠密的建筑群使得城市人口处于更危险的境况，故选C。
第四段第一句已经提到城市的位置和稠密建筑群使其人口处于更危险的境况，heavilypaved cities指稠密铺设的城市群，符合题意，故选B。
由前文可知，城市更容易受到自然灾害的侵袭，即自然灾害对城市的影响更为严重，澎 选C。
根据常识可知，缺少基础设施的社区抵抗自然灾害的能力更差，故选B。
本句承接上文，继续说明贫困国家的居民居住在条件较差的房子里，没有可靠的饮用 水、道路和基本的服务，故应选B。
本句的大意为：地方政府应该采取措施保护它们的居民。单词identify意思为“确认， 鉴定”;educate意思为“教育”;protect意思为“保护”;evaluate意思为“评估”，故应选C。
由下文的“They don' t impose construction standards that could reduce heating and air con- ditioning”可知，这些政府没有采取能够降低温度、调控温度需求的建筑标准，这说明他们实际 上是口惠而实不至，即“move towards rhetoric rather山an meanin脚1 responses"，故选B。
单词need意思为“需求”;waste意思为“浪费”;area意思为“地区、地域”;resources意 思为“资源”。结合句意应选A。
在说明了地方政府的不干预政策之后，Patricia Romero Lankao进行了总结，建议这些政 府改变他们的政策，故选D。
第7题：
城市气候因子影响观赏树木的生态习性有哪几个方面？
正确答案:（1）城市气候因子。树木接受光量差异大，城市气温相对高，树木得不到充足的自然降水，城市空气有一定污染。
（2）土壤因子
（3）地上线路与地下线路对树木影响。
第8题：
the freedom riders confined their activities mostly to the urban areas of australia. ()
参考答案：错误
第9题：
简述城市气候形成的主要原因
正确答案: （1）城市具有特殊的下垫层
（2）由于工业生产、交通运输、取暖降温、家庭生活等活动释放出的热量、废气和尘埃，使城市内部形成一个不同自然气候的城市气候环境
（3）由于大量气体和固体污染物排入空气中，明显地改变了城市上空的大气组成，影响了城市空气的透明度和辐射热能收支，并为城市的云、雾、降水提供了大量的凝结核。
第10题：
简述城市气候的特点。城市热岛形成的原因。如何降低城市热岛效应？
正确答案:城市热岛形成原因：
①城市人工热源的作用；
②城市不透水的人为建筑覆盖度大，植物少。消耗于蒸发散的热量减少；
③市区风速减弱，减少热量的水平输送；
④城市上空污染物质多产生了保温作用，增加了大气逆辐射；
⑤城市下垫面的热容量常大于郊区，夜间冷却降温比郊区缓慢
降低：
（1）要保护并增大城区的绿地、水体面积。因为城区的水体、绿地对减弱夏季城市热岛效应起着十分可观的作用。
（2）城市热岛强度随着城市发展而加强，因此在控制城市发展的同时，要控制城市人口密度、建筑物密度。因为人口高密度区也是建筑物高密度区和能量高消耗区，常形成气温的高值区。
（3）加强城市通风，减小城市热岛强度。
（4）减少人为热的释放，尽量将民用煤改为液化气或天然气并扩大供热面积。
防止热岛效应的方法
1.选择高效美观的绿化形式、包括街心公园、屋顶绿化和墙壁垂直绿化及水景设置，可有效地降低热岛效应，获得清新宜人的室内外环境。
2.居住区的绿化管理要建立绿化与环境相结合的管理机制并且建立相关的地方性行政法规，以保证绿化用地。
3.要统筹规划公路、高空走廊和街道这些温室气体排放较为密集的地区的绿化，营造绿色通风系统，把市外新鲜空气引进市内，以改善小气候。
4.应把消除裸地、消灭扬尘作为城市管理的重要内容。除建筑物、硬路面和林木之外，全部地表应为草坪所覆盖，甚至在树冠投影处草坪难以生长的地方，也应用碎玉米秸和锯木小块加以遮蔽，以提高地表的比热容。
5.建设若干条林荫大道，使其构成城区的带状绿色通道，逐步形成以绿色为隔离带的城区组团布局，减弱热岛效应；
在现有的条件上，应考虑
1、控制使用空调器，提高建筑物隔热材料的质量，以减少人工热量的排放；改善市区道路的保水性性能。
2、建筑物淡色化以增加热量的反射。
3、提高能源的利用率，改燃煤为燃气。
4、此外， “透水性公路铺设计划”，即用透水性强的新型柏油铺设公路，以储存雨水，降低路面温度。
5、形成环市水系，调节市区气候。