GMAT
单选题A recent study of an insurance company’s underwriters indicated that those who worked in pleasant physical surroundings were 25 percent more productive than their peers in unpleasant physical surroundings. Objective criteria for evaluating job performa
题目
On average, less-productive employees spend no fewer hours per day at their workstations than do their more-productive peers.
Unpleasant surroundings give employees less motivation to work hard than more pleasant surroundings do.
The more-productive employees are generally rewarded with pleasant office space.
More-productive employees do not work any more hours than their less-productive peers.
Peer pressure discourages employees in crowded, unpleasant surroundings from making phone calls to their own family members during work time.
相似问题和答案
第1题：
材料：
The benefit to commerce of allowing stevedores and terminal operators to completely limit their liability is often put forward by supporters on their part．Such reasoning，however，ignores the fact that in the commercial world it is preferable for persons who cause damage to cargo to be held responsible for that damage．Otherwise they will continue to be negligent and will do nothing to alter their practices．
Transferring the loss to the underwriters of cargo from the underwriters of the stevedores does not merely shift the cost of insurance．If the stevedores and terminal operators who have the care and charge of cargo do not act carefully when carrying out their duties，then responsibility for loss and damage to cargo will not only be shifted but that loss and damage will be increased as well．Nor are all cargoes or risks fully or even partially insured.
Therefore，the premium of cargo insurance is so high that it has been estimated that not much more than fifty percent of shipments by sea on the North Atlantic are actually insured at all． It is a fundamental principle of GOOD business practice and of efficient，fair and low-cost insurance that persons who are responsible for losses should be held accountable，in some way，for those losses．
问题：
According to the passage，limiting the liability on the part of the stevedores will ________．
A.transfer the loss suffered by underwriters of cargo to the underwriters of stevedores
B.transfer the loss suffered by underwriters of stevedores to the underwriters of cargo
C.not transfer any liability in practice of shipping
D.increase the liability on their part
The author of this passage is a supporter on the side that ________．A.the liability on the part of the stevedores and terminal operators should be completely limited
B.transferring the loss to the underwriters of cargo from the underwriters of the stevedores is impossible in shipping practice
C.transferring the insurance cost to the underwriters of cargo from the underwriters of the stevedores is necessary in the eyes of shipping laws
D.persons who are responsible for losses should be held accountable，in some way，for those losses
If the persons who are responsible for losses and damages are not held accountable，in some way，for those losses and damages，that losses and damages will ________．A.be increased
B.be decreased
C.be prevented
D.not happened
In the author's opinion，the insured cargo accounting to fifty percent of total shipments by sea on the North Atlantic is ________．A.reasonably practicable
B.normal
C.too much
D.too little
请帮忙给出每个问题的正确答案和分析，谢谢！
问题 2 答案解析：D
问题 3 答案解析：A
问题 4 答案解析：D
第2题：
Domestic Violence
Nearly three in 10 men have experienced violence at the hands of an intimate partner during their life-
time,according________(51)one of the few studies to look at domestic violence and health among men.
"Many men actually do_________(52)domestic violence,although we don'thear about it often."
Dr. Robert J.Reid of the University of Washington in Seattle,one of the study's authors,told Reuters
Health."They often don't__________(53)and we don't ask.We want to get the message out to men who do
experience domestic violence_________(54)they are not alone and there are resources available to them."
The researchers asked study__________ (55)about physical abuse（人身伤害）and non-physical abuse,
such as_________(56)that made them fear for their safety,controlling behavior,and constant name-calling.
Among men 1 8 to 54 years old,14.2 percent said they had experienced intimate partner violence in the
past five years,_______(57)6.1 percent reported domestic violence in the previous year.
Rates were lower for men 55 and older,with 5.3 percent__________(58)violence in the past five years
and 2.4 percent having experienced it in the past 12 months.__________(59),30.5 percent of men younger
than 55 and 26.5 percent of older men said they had been__________(60)of domestic violence at some point
in their lives.About half of the_________(61)the men experienced was physical.
However,the physical violence men reported wasn't as harsh as that_________(62)by women in a
previous study,20 percent to 40 percent of the men rated__________(63)as severe,compared with 61 per-
cent of women.
Men who reported experiencing domestic violence had more emotional and mental health__________(64)
than those who had not,_______(65)older men,the researchers found.
A:participants
B:observers
C:listeners
D:actors
experience意思是“经历，体验”，符合句意，文章中也多次出现experience domestic vio- lence这一搭配。threaten威胁；恐吓；fear害怕；敬畏；use使用，运用。
tell意思是“告诉，告知”，符合句意。answer回答，回复；speak强调说的动作，不强调所 说的内容；talk交谈，谈话，着重强调两者之间的相互说话。
that在这里引导的是宾语从句，用于叙述一件事实。
participant意思是“参加者，参与者”，这里指遭受家庭暴力的男人，符合句意。observer 观察者；listener听众；actor演员。
that引导的从句解释了空格处的单词，该句意思是“使他们为自己的人身安全，受控制 的行为和经常被辱骂而担忧”，能使他们为这些担忧的肯定是威胁（threats)。
while作井列连词，引导的句子表示对比关系。
with + n.+ v.-ing形式构成独立主格结构，表示伴随状态。report的意思是“报道，举 报”，符合句意。give给；realize意识到；understand理解。
Overall放句首，意思是“总之；总的说来”，符合句意。Yet但是，表转折；Thus因此，表 结果；Besides除······之外，还有。
victim意思是“受害者”，这里说的是遭受家庭暴力的人，因此“受害者”符合句意。 maker制造者;writer作者；factor因素；要素。
该句意思是“男人们遭受的家庭暴力有一半是身体上的”。violence意思是“暴力行 为”，符合句意。
这里是把男人和女人遭受的来自身体上的暴力做一对比。suffer意思是“遭受；经历”, 符合句意。perform执行；表演；enjoy欣赏，享受；commit犯罪，做错事；答应，承诺。
it指代前面说过的“physical violence"。
该句意思是“与没有家庭暴力经历的男人们相比，遭受家庭暴力的男人们有更多的情 感和心理健康问题”。problem意思是“问题，困难”，符合句意。activity活动，行动；resul‘结果；成绩；argument争吵。
especially意思是“特别，尤其”，符合句意。specially特别地；专门地；naturally自然地； roughly粗略地，大致上。
第3题：
根据下列材料请回答 46～50 题：
C
Next time a customer comes to your office，offer him a cup of coffee．And when you’re doing your holiday shopping online，make sure you’re holding a large glass of iced tea．The physical sensa’tion(感觉)of warmth encourages emotional warmth，while a cold drink in hand prevents you frommaking unwise decision--those are the practical lesson being drawn from recent research by psychologist Johna．Bargh．
Psychologists have known that one person’s perception(感知)of another's“warmth”is a powerful determiner in social relationships．Judging someone to be either“WflfflTl”or“cold”is a primaryconsideration。even trumping evidence that a“cold”person may be more capable．Much of this isrooted in very early childhood experiences，Bargh argues，when babies’conceptual sense of theworld around them is shaped by physical sensation，particularly warmth and coldness．Classic stud—ies by Harry Harlow，published in 1958，showed monkeys preferred to stay close to a cloth“moth—er”rather than one made of wire．even when the wire‘‘mother”carried a food bottle．Harlow’S workand later studies have led psychologists to stress the need for warm physical contact from caregiversto help young children grow into healthy adults with normal social skills．
Feelings of“warmth”and“coldness”in social judgments appear to be universal．Although noworldwide study has been done Sargh says that describing people as“warm”or“cold”is common tomany cultures，and studies have found those perception influence judgment in dozens of countries．
To test the relationship between physical and psychological warmth，Bargh conducted an experi-ment which involved 41 college students．A research assistant who was unaware of the study’Shypotheses(假设)，handed the students either a hot cup of coffee，or a cold drink，to hold whiletlle researeher filled out a short information form：The drink was then handed back．After that，the students were asked to rate the personality of“Person A”based on a particular description．Those who had briefly held the warm drink regarded Person A as warmer than those who had held the iced drink．
“We ale grounded in our physical experiences even when we think abstractly，”says Bargh．
第 46 题 According to Paragraph 1,a person’s emotion may be affected by____________．
A．the visitors to his office
B．the psychology lesson he has
C．his physical feeling of coldness
D．the things he has bought online
由文中第一段最后一句话“those are the practical lesson being drawn from recent research by psychologist Johna．Bargh．”可得出结论。
第4题：
The current study finds three out of five adults across the U.S. had at least one adverse experience in their childhood, such as divorce, a parent's death, physical or emotional abuse, or a family member's incarceration or substance abuse problem. A quarter of adults have at least three such experiences in childhood, which according to other research- increase their risk for most common chronic diseases, from heart disease and cancer to depression and substance abuse.
"This is the first study of this kind that alows us to talk about adverse childhood experience as a public health problem in the same way we talk about obesity or hypertension or any other highly prevalent population risk factor" says Adam Schickedanz, an assistant professor of pediatrics at the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, who was not involved in the research. "Up until now,we haven't really had a study that takes a national look .
The study researchers, led by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention researcher Melissa T. Merrick, analyzed data from 214, 157 adults in 23 states recently. The participants answered 11 questions about whether they'd experienced what have now become well recognized as ACEs: parental separation or divorce, child abuse (physical, emotional and sexual ), domestic violence and living with someone who has been incarcerated or has a mental ilness or a substance use disorder.Nearly 62 percent of respondents had at least one ACE and a quarter reported three or more. The remaining respondents had at least two ACES, including 16 percent with four or more such experiences .Those identifying as black or Latino and those with less than a high school education or an annual income below $15,000 were more likely to have more ACES. Women, younger adults,unemployed people and those unable to work also tended to have more ACES. But Schickedant cautions that, while the disparities are real, it's important to recognize how common these experiences are among all people, including white and middle class families.”This study shows that ACEs affect people from all walks of life everywhere," he says.
This new study suggests that a need to target prevention resources where they can help most,says Jack Shonkoff, a professor of child health and development at the Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health. This requires identifying what makes some people more susceptible than others to the effects of adversity,“Nobody is immune to adverse experiences in childhood but for some population groups, they're a larger burden of childhood adversity than others." he says.
What is found by the first major study on adverse childhood experience(ACEs)?
B. There are some disparities for some population groups.
C. ACEs are not directly related to chronic health problems.
D. Children are more vulnerable to adverse experiences than adults.
第5题：
It is a simple idea: an individual pays a small amount of money called a premium (保险费) to an agent who acts on behalf of an insurance company, or underwriter, which holds the individual′s premium and the premiums paid by thousands of others. The individual receives an insurance policy, a promise that if there is a loss to the individual as defined in the policy the insurance company will pay for it. The funds will come from the individual′s premium, the premium paid by others who did not have losses, and money from the company′ s investment of all the premiums. An individual who does not have a loss loses the premium money but purchases what insurance underwriters call "peace of mind". It is a gamble for the customer and the underwriter, but it is built on the first rule of risk that losses are small when shared by many.
Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE?
B.There are many agents who sell insurance policies and collect premiums on behalf of underwriters.
C.An individual who pays premium for a policy is insured by an insurance company.
D.An individual pays premium directly to an insurance company.
第6题：
Men Too May Suffer From Domestic Violence Nearly three in 10 men have experienced violence at the hands of an intimate partner during their lifetimes,according to one of the few studies to look_______(51)domestic violence and health among men. “Many men actually do experience domestic violence,although we don't hear about it _______(52),”Dr. Robert J.Reid of the University of Washington in Seattle,one of the study's authors,told Reuters Health.“They often don't tell_______(53)we don't ask.We want to get the message out to men who_______(54)experience domestic violence that they are not alone and there are resources available to ______(55).” The researchers asked study participants about physical abuse and non-physical_______ (56)such as threats that made them_______(57)for their safety,controlling behavior(for ex-ample,being told who they could associate with and where they could go),and constant name-calling. Among men 18 to 54 years old,14.2 percent said they had experienced intimate partner _______(58)in the past five years,while 6 .1 percent reported domestic violence in the previ-ous year. Rates were lower for men 55 and_______(59),with 5 .3 percent reporting violence in the past five years and 2 .4 percent having experienced it in the past 12 months. Overall,30 .5 percent of men younger than 55 and 26 .5 percent of older men said they had been victims of_______(60)violence at some point in their lives.About half of the violence the men_______(61)was physical. However,the physical violence men reported wasn't as harsh as_______(62)suffered by, women in a previous study; 20 percent to 40 percent of the men rated it as severe,compared to 61 percent of______(63). Men who reported experiencing domestic violence had more emotional and mental health problems_______(64)those who had not，especially older men,the_______(65)found.
A:. hope
B: fear
C:.wait
D:.look
根据上下文可以推断，此处应选表示“经常”意思的often一词。
这句话的意思是：“他们经常不说而我们也不问。”所以应用and一词连接两个并列成分。
本段中的第一句已经出现过do experience的用法，表示“的确经历过”。
前面出现的是men一词，与其对应的应该是them。
前面出现了physical abuse，与其并列自然应是non-physical abuse。
既然是威胁，肯定会令他们为自身安全担忧，而fear for their safety正表示这样的意思。
从第一句中的violence at the hands of an intimate partner就可以推断，此处应选vio-lence一词。
因为前面提到了18～54岁的男人，因此此处应是55岁及55岁以上的男人。
前面已经多次出现过domestic violence的搭配。
前面已经多次出现过experience violence这一搭配，而上下文也表明此处表示的意思是男人“遭受的”家庭暴力。
用that指代妇女遭受的physical violence。
因为是在与男人做比较，所以应选women。
本句中前面出现了表示比较的more一词，此处自然应选than一词。
结果只能是“研究者”发现的。
第7题：
Domestic Violence
Nearly three in 10 men have experienced violence at the hands of an intimate partner during their life-
time,according________(51)one of the few studies to look at domestic violence and health among men.
"Many men actually do_________(52)domestic violence,although we don'thear about it often."
Dr. Robert J.Reid of the University of Washington in Seattle,one of the study's authors,told Reuters
Health."They often don't__________(53)and we don't ask.We want to get the message out to men who do
experience domestic violence_________(54)they are not alone and there are resources available to them."
The researchers asked study__________ (55)about physical abuse（人身伤害）and non-physical abuse,
such as_________(56)that made them fear for their safety,controlling behavior,and constant name-calling.
Among men 1 8 to 54 years old,14.2 percent said they had experienced intimate partner violence in the
past five years,_______(57)6.1 percent reported domestic violence in the previous year.
Rates were lower for men 55 and older,with 5.3 percent__________(58)violence in the past five years
and 2.4 percent having experienced it in the past 12 months.__________(59),30.5 percent of men younger
than 55 and 26.5 percent of older men said they had been__________(60)of domestic violence at some point
in their lives.About half of the_________(61)the men experienced was physical.
However,the physical violence men reported wasn't as harsh as that_________(62)by women in a
previous study,20 percent to 40 percent of the men rated__________(63)as severe,compared with 61 per-
cent of women.
Men who reported experiencing domestic violence had more emotional and mental health__________(64)
than those who had not,_______(65)older men,the researchers found.
A:form
B:way
C:violence
D:study
experience意思是“经历，体验”，符合句意，文章中也多次出现experience domestic vio- lence这一搭配。threaten威胁；恐吓；fear害怕；敬畏；use使用，运用。
tell意思是“告诉，告知”，符合句意。answer回答，回复；speak强调说的动作，不强调所 说的内容；talk交谈，谈话，着重强调两者之间的相互说话。
that在这里引导的是宾语从句，用于叙述一件事实。
participant意思是“参加者，参与者”，这里指遭受家庭暴力的男人，符合句意。observer 观察者；listener听众；actor演员。
that引导的从句解释了空格处的单词，该句意思是“使他们为自己的人身安全，受控制 的行为和经常被辱骂而担忧”，能使他们为这些担忧的肯定是威胁（threats)。
while作井列连词，引导的句子表示对比关系。
with + n.+ v.-ing形式构成独立主格结构，表示伴随状态。report的意思是“报道，举 报”，符合句意。give给；realize意识到；understand理解。
Overall放句首，意思是“总之；总的说来”，符合句意。Yet但是，表转折；Thus因此，表 结果；Besides除······之外，还有。
victim意思是“受害者”，这里说的是遭受家庭暴力的人，因此“受害者”符合句意。 maker制造者;writer作者；factor因素；要素。
该句意思是“男人们遭受的家庭暴力有一半是身体上的”。violence意思是“暴力行 为”，符合句意。
这里是把男人和女人遭受的来自身体上的暴力做一对比。suffer意思是“遭受；经历”, 符合句意。perform执行；表演；enjoy欣赏，享受；commit犯罪，做错事；答应，承诺。
it指代前面说过的“physical violence"。
该句意思是“与没有家庭暴力经历的男人们相比，遭受家庭暴力的男人们有更多的情 感和心理健康问题”。problem意思是“问题，困难”，符合句意。activity活动，行动；resul‘结果；成绩；argument争吵。
especially意思是“特别，尤其”，符合句意。specially特别地；专门地；naturally自然地； roughly粗略地，大致上。
第8题：
阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，回答51－55题。 Next time a customer comes to your office, offer him a cup of coffee. And when you’re doing your holiday shopping online, make sure you’re holding a large glass of iced tea. The physical sensation(感觉) of warmth encourages emotional warmth, while a cold drink in hand prevents you from making unwise decisions—those are the practical lesson being drawn from recent research by psychologist John A． Bargh.
Psychologists have known that one person’s perception(感知) of another’s “warmth” is a powerful determiner in social relationships. Judging someone to be either “warm” or “cold” is a primary consideration, even trumping evidence that a “cold” person may be more capable. Much of this is rooted in very early childhood experiences, Bargh argues, when babies’ conceptual sense of the world around them is shaped by physical sensations, particularly warmth and coldness. Classic studies by Harry Harlow, published in 1958, showed monkeys preferred to stay close to a cloth “mother” rather than one made of wire, even when the wire “mother” carried a food bottle. Harlow’s work and later studies have led psychologists to stress the need for warm physical contact from caregivers to help young children grow into healthy adults with normal social skills.
Feelings of “warmth” and “coldness” in social judgments appear to be universal. Although no worldwide study has been done, Bargh says that describing people as “warm” or “cold” is common to many cultures, and studies have found those perceptions influence judgment in dozens of countries.
To test the relationship between physical and psychological warmth, Bargh conducted an experiment which involved 41 college students. A research assistant who was unaware of the study’s hypotheses(假设), handed the students either a hot cup of coffee, or a cold drink, to hold while the researcher filled out a short information form. The drink was then handed back. After that, the students were asked to rate the personality of “Person A” based on a particular description. Those who had briefly held the warm drink regarded Person A as warmer than those who had held the iced drink.
“We are grounded in our physical experiences even when we think abstractly,” says Bargh.
第16题：According to Paragraph 1, a person’s emotion may be affected by（ ）
A． the visitors to his office
B． the psychology lessons he has
C． his physical feeling of coldness
D． the things he has bought online
第9题：
The current study finds three out of five adults across the U.S. had at least one adverse experience in their childhood, such as divorce, a parent's death, physical or emotional abuse, or a family member's incarceration or substance abuse problem. A quarter of adults have at least three such experiences in childhood, which according to other research- increase their risk for most common chronic diseases, from heart disease and cancer to depression and substance abuse.
"This is the first study of this kind that alows us to talk about adverse childhood experience as a public health problem in the same way we talk about obesity or hypertension or any other highly prevalent population risk factor" says Adam Schickedanz, an assistant professor of pediatrics at the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, who was not involved in the research. "Up until now,we haven't really had a study that takes a national look .
The study researchers, led by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention researcher Melissa T. Merrick, analyzed data from 214, 157 adults in 23 states recently. The participants answered 11 questions about whether they'd experienced what have now become well recognized as ACEs: parental separation or divorce, child abuse (physical, emotional and sexual ), domestic violence and living with someone who has been incarcerated or has a mental ilness or a substance use disorder.Nearly 62 percent of respondents had at least one ACE and a quarter reported three or more. The remaining respondents had at least two ACES, including 16 percent with four or more such experiences .Those identifying as black or Latino and those with less than a high school education or an annual income below $15,000 were more likely to have more ACES. Women, younger adults,unemployed people and those unable to work also tended to have more ACES. But Schickedant cautions that, while the disparities are real, it's important to recognize how common these experiences are among all people, including white and middle class families.”This study shows that ACEs affect people from all walks of life everywhere," he says.
This new study suggests that a need to target prevention resources where they can help most,says Jack Shonkoff, a professor of child health and development at the Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health. This requires identifying what makes some people more susceptible than others to the effects of adversity,“Nobody is immune to adverse experiences in childhood but for some population groups, they're a larger burden of childhood adversity than others." he says.
What will most probably be done according to the current study?
B. Exploring the social and biological mechanisms behind.
C. Developing programs that can reduce or mitigate adversity.
D. Teaching children how to deal with adversity in a healthy way
第10题：
Young Adults Who Exercise Get Higher IQ Scores
Young adults who are fit have a higher IQ and are more likely to go on to university,reveals a major new study carried out at the Sahlgrenska Academy and Sahlgrenska University Hospital.
The results were recently published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS)The study involved 1 .2 million Swedish men doing military service who were born be-tween 1950 and 1976 .The research group analyzed the results of both physical and IQ tests the youngsters took right after they started serving the army.
The study shows a clear link between good physical fitness and better results for the IQ test. The strongest links are for logical thinking and verbal comprehension.But it is only fitness that plays a role in the results for the IQ test,and not strength.“Being fit means that you also have good heart and lung capacity and that your brain gets plenty of oxygen,”says Michael Nilsson, professor at the Sahlgrenska Academy and chief physician at the Sahlgrenska University Hospital. “This may be one of the reasons why we can see a clear link with fitness,but not with muscular strength .We are also seeing that there are growth factors that are important.”
By analyzing data for twins,the researchers have been able to determine that it is primarily environmental factors and not genes that explain the link between fitness and higher IQ.
“We have also shown that those youngsters who improve their physical fitness between the ages of 15 and 18 increase their cognitive performance,”says Maria Aberg,researcher at the Sahl-grenska Academy and physician at Aby health centre.“This being the case,physical education is a subject that has an important place in schools,and is an absolute must if we want to do well in maths and other theoretical subjects.”
The researchers have also compared the results from fitness tests during national service with the socio-economic status of the men later in life.Those who were fit at 18 were more likely to go into higher education,and many secured more qualified jobs.
A: Brain size.
B: Good logical capacity.
C: Clear logical thinking.
D: Muscular strength.
由physical fitness（身体健康）可知，正确答案为D（强壮的力量）。ABC三个选项都是智力方面的能力。
由第五段的“ We have also shown that those youngsters who improve their physical fit-ness between the ages of 15 and 18 increase their cognitive performance.”知，通过提升自身素质，我们可以提升认知能力，故A正确;C选项语言理解能力属于认知能力，因此包含；而前文也说身体素质包括心肺能力，因此B正确。故选D。
根据第三段的“But it is only fitness that plays a role in the results for the IQ test, and not strength.”可知，身体健康和力气大并不是一回事儿。故选D。
secured意为“确定的，确保的”。故选B。