职称英语(理工)
共用题干 第二篇Sleep Lets Brain File MemoriesTo sleep.Perchance to file?Findings published online this week by the proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences further support the theory that the brain organizes and stows memories formed during the day while
题目
共用题干
第二篇
Sleep Lets Brain File Memories
To sleep.Perchance to file?Findings published online this week by the proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences further support the theory that the brain organizes and stows memories formed during the day while the rest of the body is catching zzz's.
Gyorgy Buzsaki of Rutgers University and his colleagues analyzed the brain waves of sleeping rats and mice. Specifically,they examined the electrical activity emanating（散发）from the somatosensory（耳、目、口等以外的）neocortex（新大脑皮层）(an area that processes sensory information) and the hippocampus（海马）,which is a center for learning and memory. The scientists found that oscillations in brain waves from the two regions appear to be intertwined.So-called sleep spindles (bursts of activity from the neocortex)were followed tens of milliseconds later by beats in the hippocampus known as ripples.The team posits that this interplay between the two brain regions is a key step in memory consolidation.
A second study,also published online this week by the proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,links age-associated memory decline to high glucose levels.
Previous research had shown that individuals with diabetes（糖尿病，多尿症）suffer from increased memory problems.In the new work,Antonio Convit of New York University School of Medicine and his collaborators studied 30 people whose average age was 69 to investigate whether sugar levels,which tend to increase with age,affect memory in healthy people as well.The scientists administered recall tests, brain scans（细看，审视，浏览，扫描）and glucose tolerance tests, which measure how quickly sugar is absorbed from the blood by the body's tissues.Subjects with the poorest memory recollection,the team discovered,also displayed the poorest glucose tolerance.In addition,their brain scans showed more hippocampus shrinkage than those of subjects better able to absorb blood sugar.
" Our study suggests that this impairment（损害、损伤）may contribute to the memory deficits （赤字、不足额）that occur as people age."Convit says."And it raises the intriguing possibility that improving glucose tolerance could reverse some age-associated problems in cognition."Exercise and weight control can help keep glucose levels in check（阻止、制止）,so there may be one more reason to go to the gym.
第二篇
Sleep Lets Brain File Memories
To sleep.Perchance to file?Findings published online this week by the proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences further support the theory that the brain organizes and stows memories formed during the day while the rest of the body is catching zzz's.
Gyorgy Buzsaki of Rutgers University and his colleagues analyzed the brain waves of sleeping rats and mice. Specifically,they examined the electrical activity emanating（散发）from the somatosensory（耳、目、口等以外的）neocortex（新大脑皮层）(an area that processes sensory information) and the hippocampus（海马）,which is a center for learning and memory. The scientists found that oscillations in brain waves from the two regions appear to be intertwined.So-called sleep spindles (bursts of activity from the neocortex)were followed tens of milliseconds later by beats in the hippocampus known as ripples.The team posits that this interplay between the two brain regions is a key step in memory consolidation.
A second study,also published online this week by the proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,links age-associated memory decline to high glucose levels.
Previous research had shown that individuals with diabetes（糖尿病，多尿症）suffer from increased memory problems.In the new work,Antonio Convit of New York University School of Medicine and his collaborators studied 30 people whose average age was 69 to investigate whether sugar levels,which tend to increase with age,affect memory in healthy people as well.The scientists administered recall tests, brain scans（细看，审视，浏览，扫描）and glucose tolerance tests, which measure how quickly sugar is absorbed from the blood by the body's tissues.Subjects with the poorest memory recollection,the team discovered,also displayed the poorest glucose tolerance.In addition,their brain scans showed more hippocampus shrinkage than those of subjects better able to absorb blood sugar.
" Our study suggests that this impairment（损害、损伤）may contribute to the memory deficits （赤字、不足额）that occur as people age."Convit says."And it raises the intriguing possibility that improving glucose tolerance could reverse some age-associated problems in cognition."Exercise and weight control can help keep glucose levels in check（阻止、制止）,so there may be one more reason to go to the gym.
What is the relation of memory to glucose tolerance,as is indicated by a research mentioned in Paragraph 4?
A:People with poor memory have high glucose tolerance.
B:People with good memory have low glucose tolerance.
C:Memory level has nothing to do with glucose tolerance.
D:The poorer the memory,the poorer glucose tolerance.
A:People with poor memory have high glucose tolerance.
B:People with good memory have low glucose tolerance.
C:Memory level has nothing to do with glucose tolerance.
D:The poorer the memory,the poorer glucose tolerance.
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相似问题和答案
第1题：
共用题干
Sleep
Sleep is part of a person's daily activity cycle .There are several different stages of sleep,and they too occur in cycles.______(46)
When you first drift off into slumber,your eyes will roll about a bit,your temperature will drop slightly,your muscles will relax,and your breathing will slow and become quite regular. Your brain waves slow down a bit too,with the alpha rhythm of rather fast waves predominating for the first few minutes.______(47)
For the next half hour or so,as you relax more and more,you will drift down through stage 2 and stage 3 sleep.______(48)
Then about 40 to 60 minutes after you lose consciousness you will have reached the deepest sleep of all.Your brain waves will show the large slow waves that are known as the delta rhythm.
This is stage 4 sleep.You do not remain at this deep fourth stage all night long,but instead about 80 minutes after you fall into slumber,your brain activity level will increase again slightly. ______(49)
Your eyes will begin to dart around under your closed eyelids as if you were loo-king at something occurring in front of you.______(50)
It is during REM sleep period,your body will soon relax again,your breathing will grow slow and regular once more,and you will slip gently back from stage 1 to stage 4 sleep-only to rise once again to the surface of near consciousness some 80 minutes later.
Sleep
Sleep is part of a person's daily activity cycle .There are several different stages of sleep,and they too occur in cycles.______(46)
When you first drift off into slumber,your eyes will roll about a bit,your temperature will drop slightly,your muscles will relax,and your breathing will slow and become quite regular. Your brain waves slow down a bit too,with the alpha rhythm of rather fast waves predominating for the first few minutes.______(47)
For the next half hour or so,as you relax more and more,you will drift down through stage 2 and stage 3 sleep.______(48)
Then about 40 to 60 minutes after you lose consciousness you will have reached the deepest sleep of all.Your brain waves will show the large slow waves that are known as the delta rhythm.
This is stage 4 sleep.You do not remain at this deep fourth stage all night long,but instead about 80 minutes after you fall into slumber,your brain activity level will increase again slightly. ______(49)
Your eyes will begin to dart around under your closed eyelids as if you were loo-king at something occurring in front of you.______(50)
It is during REM sleep period,your body will soon relax again,your breathing will grow slow and regular once more,and you will slip gently back from stage 1 to stage 4 sleep-only to rise once again to the surface of near consciousness some 80 minutes later.
______(48)
A: The delta rhythm will disappear,to be replaced by the activity pattern of brain waves.
B: If you are an average sleeper,your sleep cycle is as follows.
C: In stage 4 sleep people tend to dream.
D: The lower your stage of sleep,the slower your brain waves will be.
E: This period of rapid eye movement lasts for some 8 to 15 minutes and is called REM sleep.
F: This is called stage 1 sleep.
A: The delta rhythm will disappear,to be replaced by the activity pattern of brain waves.
B: If you are an average sleeper,your sleep cycle is as follows.
C: In stage 4 sleep people tend to dream.
D: The lower your stage of sleep,the slower your brain waves will be.
E: This period of rapid eye movement lasts for some 8 to 15 minutes and is called REM sleep.
F: This is called stage 1 sleep.
答案：D
解析：
如果你是一个正常的睡眠者，你的睡眠循环会这样进行。本文以一个人的睡眠过程为例，说明睡眠的不同阶段和周期。从接下来的文章中看出以下就是描述睡眠的四个阶段和周期，因此这里选择B导入这个叙述。
这被称为第一阶段睡眠。根据接下来一句话：在随后约半小时内，你进一步放松，进入第二和第三阶段睡眠，可以推断该句之前描述的就是睡眠的第一阶段。
睡眠越深入，脑电波就越缓慢。接下来两句话说：大约在开始睡眠后的40～6O分钟，你将进入沉睡状态。这时脑电波表现为巨大的缓波，被称为δ节律。可以看出沉睡和脑电波的缓波为正比发生的，因此选D。
δ节律消失，并被脑电波的运动图形取代。该句前一句说：入睡后约80分钟左右，你的大脑运动水平会再度略有提高。δ节律被再次运动的脑电波图形取代，因此选A。
这种迅速的眼球运动持续约8～15分钟，这一阶段睡眠被称之为快速眼动（REM)睡眠。接下来一句说：在REM睡眠阶段，你的肢体会很快再度放松，呼吸也再次放慢并变得有节奏，你会轻松地从第一阶段滑入第四阶段睡眠——直到大约80分钟后重新接近清醒状态。这里的REM和前一句相衔接。
这被称为第一阶段睡眠。根据接下来一句话：在随后约半小时内，你进一步放松，进入第二和第三阶段睡眠，可以推断该句之前描述的就是睡眠的第一阶段。
睡眠越深入，脑电波就越缓慢。接下来两句话说：大约在开始睡眠后的40～6O分钟，你将进入沉睡状态。这时脑电波表现为巨大的缓波，被称为δ节律。可以看出沉睡和脑电波的缓波为正比发生的，因此选D。
δ节律消失，并被脑电波的运动图形取代。该句前一句说：入睡后约80分钟左右，你的大脑运动水平会再度略有提高。δ节律被再次运动的脑电波图形取代，因此选A。
这种迅速的眼球运动持续约8～15分钟，这一阶段睡眠被称之为快速眼动（REM)睡眠。接下来一句说：在REM睡眠阶段，你的肢体会很快再度放松，呼吸也再次放慢并变得有节奏，你会轻松地从第一阶段滑入第四阶段睡眠——直到大约80分钟后重新接近清醒状态。这里的REM和前一句相衔接。
第2题：
共用题干
Young Adults Who Exercise Get Higher IQ Scores
Young adults who are fit have a higher IQ and are more likely to go on to university,reveals a major new study carried out at the Sahlgrenska Academy and Sahlgrenska University Hospital.
The results were recently published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS)The study involved 1 .2 million Swedish men doing military service who were born be-tween 1950 and 1976 .The research group analyzed the results of both physical and IQ tests the youngsters took right after they started serving the army.
The study shows a clear link between good physical fitness and better results for the IQ test. The strongest links are for logical thinking and verbal comprehension.But it is only fitness that plays a role in the results for the IQ test,and not strength.“Being fit means that you also have good heart and lung capacity and that your brain gets plenty of oxygen,”says Michael Nilsson, professor at the Sahlgrenska Academy and chief physician at the Sahlgrenska University Hospital. “This may be one of the reasons why we can see a clear link with fitness,but not with muscular strength .We are also seeing that there are growth factors that are important.”
By analyzing data for twins,the researchers have been able to determine that it is primarily environmental factors and not genes that explain the link between fitness and higher IQ.
“We have also shown that those youngsters who improve their physical fitness between the ages of 15 and 18 increase their cognitive performance,”says Maria Aberg,researcher at the Sahl-grenska Academy and physician at Aby health centre.“This being the case,physical education is a subject that has an important place in schools,and is an absolute must if we want to do well in maths and other theoretical subjects.”
The researchers have also compared the results from fitness tests during national service with the socio-economic status of the men later in life.Those who were fit at 18 were more likely to go into higher education,and many secured more qualified jobs.
Young Adults Who Exercise Get Higher IQ Scores
Young adults who are fit have a higher IQ and are more likely to go on to university,reveals a major new study carried out at the Sahlgrenska Academy and Sahlgrenska University Hospital.
The results were recently published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS)The study involved 1 .2 million Swedish men doing military service who were born be-tween 1950 and 1976 .The research group analyzed the results of both physical and IQ tests the youngsters took right after they started serving the army.
The study shows a clear link between good physical fitness and better results for the IQ test. The strongest links are for logical thinking and verbal comprehension.But it is only fitness that plays a role in the results for the IQ test,and not strength.“Being fit means that you also have good heart and lung capacity and that your brain gets plenty of oxygen,”says Michael Nilsson, professor at the Sahlgrenska Academy and chief physician at the Sahlgrenska University Hospital. “This may be one of the reasons why we can see a clear link with fitness,but not with muscular strength .We are also seeing that there are growth factors that are important.”
By analyzing data for twins,the researchers have been able to determine that it is primarily environmental factors and not genes that explain the link between fitness and higher IQ.
“We have also shown that those youngsters who improve their physical fitness between the ages of 15 and 18 increase their cognitive performance,”says Maria Aberg,researcher at the Sahl-grenska Academy and physician at Aby health centre.“This being the case,physical education is a subject that has an important place in schools,and is an absolute must if we want to do well in maths and other theoretical subjects.”
The researchers have also compared the results from fitness tests during national service with the socio-economic status of the men later in life.Those who were fit at 18 were more likely to go into higher education,and many secured more qualified jobs.
Which of the following is an implication of physical fitness?
A: Brain size.
B: Good logical capacity.
C: Clear logical thinking.
D: Muscular strength.
A: Brain size.
B: Good logical capacity.
C: Clear logical thinking.
D: Muscular strength.
答案：D
解析：
由第一段中的“…major new study carried out at the Sahlgrenska Academy and Sahlgrenska University Hospital.”可知，这个研究是由Sahlgrenska大学和附属医学院进行的研究，第二段中“The study involved 1. 2 million Swedish men doing military service who were born between 1950 and 1976.”提示，研究对象是瑞典人，因此可知，大学和附属医学院都是瑞典的。故选D。
由physical fitness（身体健康）可知，正确答案为D（强壮的力量）。ABC三个选项都是智力方面的能力。
由第五段的“ We have also shown that those youngsters who improve their physical fit-ness between the ages of 15 and 18 increase their cognitive performance.”知，通过提升自身素质，我们可以提升认知能力，故A正确;C选项语言理解能力属于认知能力，因此包含；而前文也说身体素质包括心肺能力，因此B正确。故选D。
根据第三段的“But it is only fitness that plays a role in the results for the IQ test, and not strength.”可知，身体健康和力气大并不是一回事儿。故选D。
secured意为“确定的，确保的”。故选B。
由physical fitness（身体健康）可知，正确答案为D（强壮的力量）。ABC三个选项都是智力方面的能力。
由第五段的“ We have also shown that those youngsters who improve their physical fit-ness between the ages of 15 and 18 increase their cognitive performance.”知，通过提升自身素质，我们可以提升认知能力，故A正确;C选项语言理解能力属于认知能力，因此包含；而前文也说身体素质包括心肺能力，因此B正确。故选D。
根据第三段的“But it is only fitness that plays a role in the results for the IQ test, and not strength.”可知，身体健康和力气大并不是一回事儿。故选D。
secured意为“确定的，确保的”。故选B。
第3题：
Text 3
Of all the components of a good night’s sleep, dreams seem to be least within our control. In dreams, a window opens into a world where logic is suspended and dead people speak. A century ago, Freud formulated his revolutionary theory that dreams were the disguised shadows of our unconscious desires and fears; by the late 1970s, neurologists had switched to thinking of them as just “mental noise” -- the random byproducts of the neural-repair work that goes on during sleep. Now researchers suspect that dreams are part of the mind’s emotional thermostat, regulating moods while the brain is “off-line.” And one leading authority says that these intensely powerful mental events can be not only harnessed but actually brought under conscious control, to help us sleep and feel better, “It’s your dream,” says Rosalind Cartwright, chair of psychology at Chicago’s Medical Center. “If you don’t like it, change it.”
Evidence from brain imaging supports this view. The brain is as active during REM (rapid eye movement) sleep -- when most vivid dreams occur -- as it is when fully awake, says Dr, Eric Nofzinger at the University of Pittsburgh. But not all parts of the brain are equally involved; the limbic system (the “emotional brain”) is especially active, while the prefrontal cortex (the center of intellect and reasoning) is relatively quiet. “We wake up from dreams happy or depressed, and those feelings can stay with us all day.” says Stanford sleep researcher Dr. William Dement.
The link between dreams and emotions show up among the patients in Cartwright’s clinic. Most people seem to have more bad dreams early in the night, progressing toward happier ones before awakening, suggesting that they are working through negative feelings generated during the day. Because our conscious mind is occupied with daily life we don’t always think about the emotional significance of the day’s events -- until, it appears, we begin to dream.
And this process need not be left to the unconscious. Cartwright believes one can exercise conscious control over recurring bad dreams. As soon as you awaken, identify what is upsetting about the dream. Visualize how you would like it to end instead; the next time is occurs, try to wake up just enough to control its course. With much practice people can learn to, literally, do it in their sleep.
At the end of the day, there’s probably little reason to pay attention to our dreams at all unless they keep us from sleeping or “we waken up in a panic,” Cartwright says. Terrorism, economic uncertainties and general feelings of insecurity have increased people’s anxiety. Those suffering from persistent nightmares should seek help from a therapist. For the rest of us, the brain has its ways of working through bad feelings. Sleep -- or rather dream -- on it and you’ll feel better in the morning.
31. Researchers have come to believe that dreams ________.
[A] can be modified in their courses
[B] are susceptible to emotional changes
[C] reflect our innermost desires and fears
[D] are a random outcome of neural repairs
正确答案：A
第4题：
共用题干
第二篇
Sleep Necessary for Memories
Burning the midnight oil before an exam or interview does harm to the performance
according to a recent research which found that sleep is necessary for memories to be
taken back into the brain.A good night's sleep within 30 hours of trying to remember a
new task is a required condition of having good recall in the weeks ahead,scientists
have found.
The research,published in the December issue of Nature Neuroscience,showed that
it was the act of sleep,rather than the simple passage of time,that was critical for
long-term memory formation.
"We think that getting that first night's sleep starts the process of memory consolidation
（巩固）,"said Robert Stickgold, a sleep researcher at Harvard Medical School who
conducted the latest study.
"It seems that memories normally wash out of the brain unless some process nails them
down.My suspicion is that sleep is one of those things that does the nailing down,"
Professor Stickgold said.
With about one in five people claiming that they are so chronically short of sleep that it
affects their daily activities,the latest work emphasizes the less well一understood side
effect一serious memory impairment（损害）.
Volunteers in an experiment found it easier to remember a memory task if they were
allowed to sleep that night.But for those kept awake,no amount of subsequent sleep
made up for the initial loss.
Professor Stickgold's team trained 24 people to identify the direction of three diagonal
（斜线形的）bars flashed for a sixtieth of a second on a computer screen full of horizontal
（水平的）stripes.
Half of the subjects were kept awake that night,while the others slept.Both groups
were allowed to sleep for the second and third nights to make up for any differences in
tiredness between the volunteers.
Those who slept the first night were significantly and consistently better at remembering
the task while the second group showed no improvement despite enjoying two nights of
catch-up sleep.
第二篇
Sleep Necessary for Memories
Burning the midnight oil before an exam or interview does harm to the performance
according to a recent research which found that sleep is necessary for memories to be
taken back into the brain.A good night's sleep within 30 hours of trying to remember a
new task is a required condition of having good recall in the weeks ahead,scientists
have found.
The research,published in the December issue of Nature Neuroscience,showed that
it was the act of sleep,rather than the simple passage of time,that was critical for
long-term memory formation.
"We think that getting that first night's sleep starts the process of memory consolidation
（巩固）,"said Robert Stickgold, a sleep researcher at Harvard Medical School who
conducted the latest study.
"It seems that memories normally wash out of the brain unless some process nails them
down.My suspicion is that sleep is one of those things that does the nailing down,"
Professor Stickgold said.
With about one in five people claiming that they are so chronically short of sleep that it
affects their daily activities,the latest work emphasizes the less well一understood side
effect一serious memory impairment（损害）.
Volunteers in an experiment found it easier to remember a memory task if they were
allowed to sleep that night.But for those kept awake,no amount of subsequent sleep
made up for the initial loss.
Professor Stickgold's team trained 24 people to identify the direction of three diagonal
（斜线形的）bars flashed for a sixtieth of a second on a computer screen full of horizontal
（水平的）stripes.
Half of the subjects were kept awake that night,while the others slept.Both groups
were allowed to sleep for the second and third nights to make up for any differences in
tiredness between the volunteers.
Those who slept the first night were significantly and consistently better at remembering
the task while the second group showed no improvement despite enjoying two nights of
catch-up sleep.
Stickgold's research focused on the side effect produced by
A:memory impairment.
B:lack of sleep.
C:low work efficiency.
D:memory recall.
A:memory impairment.
B:lack of sleep.
C:low work efficiency.
D:memory recall.
答案：B
解析：
第5题：
共用题干
第二篇
Sleep Lets Brain File Memories
To sleep.Perchance to file?Findings published online this week by the proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences further support the theory that the brain organizes and stows memories formed during the day while the rest of the body is catching zzz's.
Gyorgy Buzsaki of Rutgers University and his colleagues analyzed the brain waves of sleeping rats and mice. Specifically,they examined the electrical activity emanating（散发）from the somatosensory（耳、目、口等以外的）neocortex（新大脑皮层）(an area that processes sensory information) and the hippocampus（海马）,which is a center for learning and memory. The scientists found that oscillations in brain waves from the two regions appear to be intertwined.So-called sleep spindles (bursts of activity from the neocortex)were followed tens of milliseconds later by beats in the hippocampus known as ripples.The team posits that this interplay between the two brain regions is a key step in memory consolidation.
A second study,also published online this week by the proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,links age-associated memory decline to high glucose levels.
Previous research had shown that individuals with diabetes（糖尿病，多尿症）suffer from increased memory problems.In the new work,Antonio Convit of New York University School of Medicine and his collaborators studied 30 people whose average age was 69 to investigate whether sugar levels,which tend to increase with age,affect memory in healthy people as well.The scientists administered recall tests, brain scans（细看，审视，浏览，扫描）and glucose tolerance tests, which measure how quickly sugar is absorbed from the blood by the body's tissues.Subjects with the poorest memory recollection,the team discovered,also displayed the poorest glucose tolerance.In addition,their brain scans showed more hippocampus shrinkage than those of subjects better able to absorb blood sugar.
" Our study suggests that this impairment（损害、损伤）may contribute to the memory deficits （赤字、不足额）that occur as people age."Convit says."And it raises the intriguing possibility that improving glucose tolerance could reverse some age-associated problems in cognition."Exercise and weight control can help keep glucose levels in check（阻止、制止）,so there may be one more reason to go to the gym.
第二篇
Sleep Lets Brain File Memories
To sleep.Perchance to file?Findings published online this week by the proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences further support the theory that the brain organizes and stows memories formed during the day while the rest of the body is catching zzz's.
Gyorgy Buzsaki of Rutgers University and his colleagues analyzed the brain waves of sleeping rats and mice. Specifically,they examined the electrical activity emanating（散发）from the somatosensory（耳、目、口等以外的）neocortex（新大脑皮层）(an area that processes sensory information) and the hippocampus（海马）,which is a center for learning and memory. The scientists found that oscillations in brain waves from the two regions appear to be intertwined.So-called sleep spindles (bursts of activity from the neocortex)were followed tens of milliseconds later by beats in the hippocampus known as ripples.The team posits that this interplay between the two brain regions is a key step in memory consolidation.
A second study,also published online this week by the proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,links age-associated memory decline to high glucose levels.
Previous research had shown that individuals with diabetes（糖尿病，多尿症）suffer from increased memory problems.In the new work,Antonio Convit of New York University School of Medicine and his collaborators studied 30 people whose average age was 69 to investigate whether sugar levels,which tend to increase with age,affect memory in healthy people as well.The scientists administered recall tests, brain scans（细看，审视，浏览，扫描）and glucose tolerance tests, which measure how quickly sugar is absorbed from the blood by the body's tissues.Subjects with the poorest memory recollection,the team discovered,also displayed the poorest glucose tolerance.In addition,their brain scans showed more hippocampus shrinkage than those of subjects better able to absorb blood sugar.
" Our study suggests that this impairment（损害、损伤）may contribute to the memory deficits （赤字、不足额）that occur as people age."Convit says."And it raises the intriguing possibility that improving glucose tolerance could reverse some age-associated problems in cognition."Exercise and weight control can help keep glucose levels in check（阻止、制止）,so there may be one more reason to go to the gym.
Which of the following statements is nearest in meaning to the sentence"To sleep.Perchance to file?"
A:Does brain arrange memories in useful order during sleep?
B:Does brain have memories when one is sleeping?
C:Does brain remember files after one falls asleep?
D:Does brain work on files in sleep?
A:Does brain arrange memories in useful order during sleep?
B:Does brain have memories when one is sleeping?
C:Does brain remember files after one falls asleep?
D:Does brain work on files in sleep?
答案：A
解析：
To sleep.Perchance to file？ 即当人体进入睡眠状态时，大脑对在白天形成的记忆进行组织和储存。
第二段告诉我们，科学家分析了老鼠的脑电波，尤其是从somatosensory neocortex和hippocampus两个区域发出的脑电波。该段最后两句指出，这两个大脑区域的活动是互相作用的。第二段并没有说somatosensory neocortex或hippocampus起主导作用。
第四段倒数第二句提供了答案。
第四段最后一句中their brain scans，指上句中的subjects with the poorest memory recollection的大脑扫描，所以选择B项。
锻炼身体和控制体重能保持葡萄糖水平，因此，去健身房就有了另外一个理由。
第二段告诉我们，科学家分析了老鼠的脑电波，尤其是从somatosensory neocortex和hippocampus两个区域发出的脑电波。该段最后两句指出，这两个大脑区域的活动是互相作用的。第二段并没有说somatosensory neocortex或hippocampus起主导作用。
第四段倒数第二句提供了答案。
第四段最后一句中their brain scans，指上句中的subjects with the poorest memory recollection的大脑扫描，所以选择B项。
锻炼身体和控制体重能保持葡萄糖水平，因此，去健身房就有了另外一个理由。
第6题：
共用题干
第二篇
Exercise and Brain
Just as exercise strengthens the heart and lungs,bones and muscles,it may also power up the brain.A succession of scientific studies of animals implies that physical activity has a positive effect on mental functioning.
"It's clear that the brain benefits from exercise,"says brain scientist William Greenough of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.His studies with rats have demonstrated two primary effects of activity:Vigorous physical exercise provides the brain with more fuel,and skill-based ex-ercise increases the formation of connections in the brain, which, according to the proposals of some scientists,may make the brain better able to process information.
In one experiment,laboratory rats were separated into three groups.One group was exercised by running inside an automatic wheel,a second group improved their skills in a complicated obstacle course,and a third group was inactive.
"The animals that learned to go through the obstacle course exhibited a greater number of brain connections than the animals in the exercised or inactive groups,"Greenough said."In contrast, the animals that exercised inside the automatic wheel possessed a greater density of blood vessels in the brain than did either of the other two groups of animals."
Learning a new dance step may boost the brain in the same way that learning a language can, he says.And if the dance is a good physical exercise as well,the benefits multiply.Young brains may be especially able to boost brain power through exercise,suggested another of Greenough's experiments that showed the most significant changes in the brain occurred among rats that had been exercised when very young.And while animals aren't people,he says it is logical to make the inference that an effect found in rats may also apply to humans.
Human studies have focused primarily on older adults and suggest that regular exercise can improve the speed with which the brain processes information.Measurements made by Arthur Kramer at the University of Illinois demonstrated that inactive adults,aged 63 to 82,could hit buttons faster in response to a tone after they went through a 10-week water exercise course.A corresponding control group that didn't exercise showed no improvement.
第二篇
Exercise and Brain
Just as exercise strengthens the heart and lungs,bones and muscles,it may also power up the brain.A succession of scientific studies of animals implies that physical activity has a positive effect on mental functioning.
"It's clear that the brain benefits from exercise,"says brain scientist William Greenough of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.His studies with rats have demonstrated two primary effects of activity:Vigorous physical exercise provides the brain with more fuel,and skill-based ex-ercise increases the formation of connections in the brain, which, according to the proposals of some scientists,may make the brain better able to process information.
In one experiment,laboratory rats were separated into three groups.One group was exercised by running inside an automatic wheel,a second group improved their skills in a complicated obstacle course,and a third group was inactive.
"The animals that learned to go through the obstacle course exhibited a greater number of brain connections than the animals in the exercised or inactive groups,"Greenough said."In contrast, the animals that exercised inside the automatic wheel possessed a greater density of blood vessels in the brain than did either of the other two groups of animals."
Learning a new dance step may boost the brain in the same way that learning a language can, he says.And if the dance is a good physical exercise as well,the benefits multiply.Young brains may be especially able to boost brain power through exercise,suggested another of Greenough's experiments that showed the most significant changes in the brain occurred among rats that had been exercised when very young.And while animals aren't people,he says it is logical to make the inference that an effect found in rats may also apply to humans.
Human studies have focused primarily on older adults and suggest that regular exercise can improve the speed with which the brain processes information.Measurements made by Arthur Kramer at the University of Illinois demonstrated that inactive adults,aged 63 to 82,could hit buttons faster in response to a tone after they went through a 10-week water exercise course.A corresponding control group that didn't exercise showed no improvement.
Vigorous physical exercise can________.
A:provide the brain with more fuel
B:increase the formation of connections in the brain
C:make the brain better able to process information
D:do nothing good to our brain
A:provide the brain with more fuel
B:increase the formation of connections in the brain
C:make the brain better able to process information
D:do nothing good to our brain
答案：A
解析：
选项A、B、C中提到的锻炼身体的好处在第一段均提到了，只有D项文中没有提到。因此选择D。
文章第二段第二句提到：高强度体育运动给大脑提供更多的燃料，而技巧性运动则增强大脑神经的联结。依照某些科学家的见解，这种联结能使大脑更好地处理信息。因此选择A项，而B项和C项是技巧性运动的功能，D项不符合文章意思。
文章第三段和第四段告诉我们选项A应该是。nning inside an automatic wheels；选项B文中没有提到是inside还是outside；选项C应该是a great number of brain connections；选项D是正确的。
文章第五段第一句告诉我们“学习一种新的舞蹈和学习一种语言一样，都能促进大脑发展。如果这种舞蹈还是一种良好的体育运动，则益处加倍”，因此A和B项都排除。根据文章第三段和第四段，我们知道只有being inactive inside不能促进大脑发展。
根据文章我们知道选项A里老鼠的实验结果应当可以应用到对人类的研究，因此是错误的；文章第五段告诉我们选项B的表述是正确的；文章第六段告诉我们“经常锻炼能提高大脑处理信息的速度”，但并没有说该实验结果不能应用于其他年龄段的人，因此是错误的；根据文章第二段我们知道两种锻炼对大脑会产生不同的影响，因此选项D也是错误的。
文章第二段第二句提到：高强度体育运动给大脑提供更多的燃料，而技巧性运动则增强大脑神经的联结。依照某些科学家的见解，这种联结能使大脑更好地处理信息。因此选择A项，而B项和C项是技巧性运动的功能，D项不符合文章意思。
文章第三段和第四段告诉我们选项A应该是。nning inside an automatic wheels；选项B文中没有提到是inside还是outside；选项C应该是a great number of brain connections；选项D是正确的。
文章第五段第一句告诉我们“学习一种新的舞蹈和学习一种语言一样，都能促进大脑发展。如果这种舞蹈还是一种良好的体育运动，则益处加倍”，因此A和B项都排除。根据文章第三段和第四段，我们知道只有being inactive inside不能促进大脑发展。
根据文章我们知道选项A里老鼠的实验结果应当可以应用到对人类的研究，因此是错误的；文章第五段告诉我们选项B的表述是正确的；文章第六段告诉我们“经常锻炼能提高大脑处理信息的速度”，但并没有说该实验结果不能应用于其他年龄段的人，因此是错误的；根据文章第二段我们知道两种锻炼对大脑会产生不同的影响，因此选项D也是错误的。
第7题：
共用题干
Young Adults Who Exercise Get Higher IQ Scores
Young adults who are fit have a higher IQ and are more likely to go on to university,reveals a major new study carried out at the Sahlgrenska Academy and Sahlgrenska University Hospital.
The results were recently published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS)The study involved 1 .2 million Swedish men doing military service who were born be-tween 1950 and 1976 .The research group analyzed the results of both physical and IQ tests the youngsters took right after they started serving the army.
The study shows a clear link between good physical fitness and better results for the IQ test. The strongest links are for logical thinking and verbal comprehension.But it is only fitness that plays a role in the results for the IQ test,and not strength.“Being fit means that you also have good heart and lung capacity and that your brain gets plenty of oxygen,”says Michael Nilsson, professor at the Sahlgrenska Academy and chief physician at the Sahlgrenska University Hospital. “This may be one of the reasons why we can see a clear link with fitness,but not with muscular strength .We are also seeing that there are growth factors that are important.”
By analyzing data for twins,the researchers have been able to determine that it is primarily environmental factors and not genes that explain the link between fitness and higher IQ.
“We have also shown that those youngsters who improve their physical fitness between the ages of 15 and 18 increase their cognitive performance,”says Maria Aberg,researcher at the Sahl-grenska Academy and physician at Aby health centre.“This being the case,physical education is a subject that has an important place in schools,and is an absolute must if we want to do well in maths and other theoretical subjects.”
The researchers have also compared the results from fitness tests during national service with the socio-economic status of the men later in life.Those who were fit at 18 were more likely to go into higher education,and many secured more qualified jobs.
Young Adults Who Exercise Get Higher IQ Scores
Young adults who are fit have a higher IQ and are more likely to go on to university,reveals a major new study carried out at the Sahlgrenska Academy and Sahlgrenska University Hospital.
The results were recently published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS)The study involved 1 .2 million Swedish men doing military service who were born be-tween 1950 and 1976 .The research group analyzed the results of both physical and IQ tests the youngsters took right after they started serving the army.
The study shows a clear link between good physical fitness and better results for the IQ test. The strongest links are for logical thinking and verbal comprehension.But it is only fitness that plays a role in the results for the IQ test,and not strength.“Being fit means that you also have good heart and lung capacity and that your brain gets plenty of oxygen,”says Michael Nilsson, professor at the Sahlgrenska Academy and chief physician at the Sahlgrenska University Hospital. “This may be one of the reasons why we can see a clear link with fitness,but not with muscular strength .We are also seeing that there are growth factors that are important.”
By analyzing data for twins,the researchers have been able to determine that it is primarily environmental factors and not genes that explain the link between fitness and higher IQ.
“We have also shown that those youngsters who improve their physical fitness between the ages of 15 and 18 increase their cognitive performance,”says Maria Aberg,researcher at the Sahl-grenska Academy and physician at Aby health centre.“This being the case,physical education is a subject that has an important place in schools,and is an absolute must if we want to do well in maths and other theoretical subjects.”
The researchers have also compared the results from fitness tests during national service with the socio-economic status of the men later in life.Those who were fit at 18 were more likely to go into higher education,and many secured more qualified jobs.
The researchers in this study come from_______.
A: Aby health centre
B: the Swedish army
C: the National Academy of Sciences
D: a Swedish university and its affiliated hospital
A: Aby health centre
B: the Swedish army
C: the National Academy of Sciences
D: a Swedish university and its affiliated hospital
答案：D
解析：
由第一段中的“…major new study carried out at the Sahlgrenska Academy and Sahlgrenska University Hospital.”可知，这个研究是由Sahlgrenska大学和附属医学院进行的研究，第二段中“The study involved 1. 2 million Swedish men doing military service who were born between 1950 and 1976.”提示，研究对象是瑞典人，因此可知，大学和附属医学院都是瑞典的。故选D。
由physical fitness（身体健康）可知，正确答案为D（强壮的力量）。ABC三个选项都是智力方面的能力。
由第五段的“ We have also shown that those youngsters who improve their physical fit-ness between the ages of 15 and 18 increase their cognitive performance.”知，通过提升自身素质，我们可以提升认知能力，故A正确;C选项语言理解能力属于认知能力，因此包含；而前文也说身体素质包括心肺能力，因此B正确。故选D。
根据第三段的“But it is only fitness that plays a role in the results for the IQ test, and not strength.”可知，身体健康和力气大并不是一回事儿。故选D。
secured意为“确定的，确保的”。故选B。
由physical fitness（身体健康）可知，正确答案为D（强壮的力量）。ABC三个选项都是智力方面的能力。
由第五段的“ We have also shown that those youngsters who improve their physical fit-ness between the ages of 15 and 18 increase their cognitive performance.”知，通过提升自身素质，我们可以提升认知能力，故A正确;C选项语言理解能力属于认知能力，因此包含；而前文也说身体素质包括心肺能力，因此B正确。故选D。
根据第三段的“But it is only fitness that plays a role in the results for the IQ test, and not strength.”可知，身体健康和力气大并不是一回事儿。故选D。
secured意为“确定的，确保的”。故选B。
第8题：
Which four actions are possible during an Online Data file Move operation?()
A. Creating and dropping tables in the data file being moved
B. Performing file shrink of the data file being moved
C. Querying tables in the data file being moved
D. Performing Block Media Recovery for a data block in the data file being moved
E. Flashing back the database
F. Executing DML statements on objects stored in the data file being moved
参考答案：A, C, D, F
第9题：
共用题干
第二篇
Sleep Lets Brain File Memories
To sleep.Perchance to file?Findings published online this week by the proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences further support the theory that the brain organizes and stows memories formed during the day while the rest of the body is catching zzz's.
Gyorgy Buzsaki of Rutgers University and his colleagues analyzed the brain waves of sleeping rats and mice. Specifically,they examined the electrical activity emanating（散发）from the somatosensory（耳、目、口等以外的）neocortex（新大脑皮层）(an area that processes sensory information) and the hippocampus（海马）,which is a center for learning and memory. The scientists found that oscillations in brain waves from the two regions appear to be intertwined.So-called sleep spindles (bursts of activity from the neocortex)were followed tens of milliseconds later by beats in the hippocampus known as ripples.The team posits that this interplay between the two brain regions is a key step in memory consolidation.
A second study,also published online this week by the proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,links age-associated memory decline to high glucose levels.
Previous research had shown that individuals with diabetes（糖尿病，多尿症）suffer from increased memory problems.In the new work,Antonio Convit of New York University School of Medicine and his collaborators studied 30 people whose average age was 69 to investigate whether sugar levels,which tend to increase with age,affect memory in healthy people as well.The scientists administered recall tests, brain scans（细看，审视，浏览，扫描）and glucose tolerance tests, which measure how quickly sugar is absorbed from the blood by the body's tissues.Subjects with the poorest memory recollection,the team discovered,also displayed the poorest glucose tolerance.In addition,their brain scans showed more hippocampus shrinkage than those of subjects better able to absorb blood sugar.
" Our study suggests that this impairment（损害、损伤）may contribute to the memory deficits （赤字、不足额）that occur as people age."Convit says."And it raises the intriguing possibility that improving glucose tolerance could reverse some age-associated problems in cognition."Exercise and weight control can help keep glucose levels in check（阻止、制止）,so there may be one more reason to go to the gym.
第二篇
Sleep Lets Brain File Memories
To sleep.Perchance to file?Findings published online this week by the proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences further support the theory that the brain organizes and stows memories formed during the day while the rest of the body is catching zzz's.
Gyorgy Buzsaki of Rutgers University and his colleagues analyzed the brain waves of sleeping rats and mice. Specifically,they examined the electrical activity emanating（散发）from the somatosensory（耳、目、口等以外的）neocortex（新大脑皮层）(an area that processes sensory information) and the hippocampus（海马）,which is a center for learning and memory. The scientists found that oscillations in brain waves from the two regions appear to be intertwined.So-called sleep spindles (bursts of activity from the neocortex)were followed tens of milliseconds later by beats in the hippocampus known as ripples.The team posits that this interplay between the two brain regions is a key step in memory consolidation.
A second study,also published online this week by the proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,links age-associated memory decline to high glucose levels.
Previous research had shown that individuals with diabetes（糖尿病，多尿症）suffer from increased memory problems.In the new work,Antonio Convit of New York University School of Medicine and his collaborators studied 30 people whose average age was 69 to investigate whether sugar levels,which tend to increase with age,affect memory in healthy people as well.The scientists administered recall tests, brain scans（细看，审视，浏览，扫描）and glucose tolerance tests, which measure how quickly sugar is absorbed from the blood by the body's tissues.Subjects with the poorest memory recollection,the team discovered,also displayed the poorest glucose tolerance.In addition,their brain scans showed more hippocampus shrinkage than those of subjects better able to absorb blood sugar.
" Our study suggests that this impairment（损害、损伤）may contribute to the memory deficits （赤字、不足额）that occur as people age."Convit says."And it raises the intriguing possibility that improving glucose tolerance could reverse some age-associated problems in cognition."Exercise and weight control can help keep glucose levels in check（阻止、制止）,so there may be one more reason to go to the gym.
What is the result of the experiment with rats and mice carried out at Rutgers University?
A:The electrical activity is emanating from the somatosensory neocortex.
B:Oscillations in brain waves are from hippocampus.
C:Somatosensory neocortex and hippocampus work together in memory consolidation.
D:Somatosensory neocortex plays a primary role in memory consolidation.
A:The electrical activity is emanating from the somatosensory neocortex.
B:Oscillations in brain waves are from hippocampus.
C:Somatosensory neocortex and hippocampus work together in memory consolidation.
D:Somatosensory neocortex plays a primary role in memory consolidation.
答案：C
解析：
To sleep.Perchance to file？ 即当人体进入睡眠状态时，大脑对在白天形成的记忆进行组织和储存。
第二段告诉我们，科学家分析了老鼠的脑电波，尤其是从somatosensory neocortex和hippocampus两个区域发出的脑电波。该段最后两句指出，这两个大脑区域的活动是互相作用的。第二段并没有说somatosensory neocortex或hippocampus起主导作用。
第四段倒数第二句提供了答案。
第四段最后一句中their brain scans，指上句中的subjects with the poorest memory recollection的大脑扫描，所以选择B项。
锻炼身体和控制体重能保持葡萄糖水平，因此，去健身房就有了另外一个理由。
第二段告诉我们，科学家分析了老鼠的脑电波，尤其是从somatosensory neocortex和hippocampus两个区域发出的脑电波。该段最后两句指出，这两个大脑区域的活动是互相作用的。第二段并没有说somatosensory neocortex或hippocampus起主导作用。
第四段倒数第二句提供了答案。
第四段最后一句中their brain scans，指上句中的subjects with the poorest memory recollection的大脑扫描，所以选择B项。
锻炼身体和控制体重能保持葡萄糖水平，因此，去健身房就有了另外一个理由。
第10题：
共用题干
第二篇
Sleep Necessary for Memories
Burning the midnight oil before an exam or interview does harm to the performance
according to a recent research which found that sleep is necessary for memories to be
taken back into the brain.A good night's sleep within 30 hours of trying to remember a
new task is a required condition of having good recall in the weeks ahead,scientists
have found.
The research,published in the December issue of Nature Neuroscience,showed that
it was the act of sleep,rather than the simple passage of time,that was critical for
long-term memory formation.
"We think that getting that first night's sleep starts the process of memory consolidation
（巩固）,"said Robert Stickgold, a sleep researcher at Harvard Medical School who
conducted the latest study.
"It seems that memories normally wash out of the brain unless some process nails them
down.My suspicion is that sleep is one of those things that does the nailing down,"
Professor Stickgold said.
With about one in five people claiming that they are so chronically short of sleep that it
affects their daily activities,the latest work emphasizes the less well一understood side
effect一serious memory impairment（损害）.
Volunteers in an experiment found it easier to remember a memory task if they were
allowed to sleep that night.But for those kept awake,no amount of subsequent sleep
made up for the initial loss.
Professor Stickgold's team trained 24 people to identify the direction of three diagonal
（斜线形的）bars flashed for a sixtieth of a second on a computer screen full of horizontal
（水平的）stripes.
Half of the subjects were kept awake that night,while the others slept.Both groups
were allowed to sleep for the second and third nights to make up for any differences in
tiredness between the volunteers.
Those who slept the first night were significantly and consistently better at remembering
the task while the second group showed no improvement despite enjoying two nights of
catch-up sleep.
第二篇
Sleep Necessary for Memories
Burning the midnight oil before an exam or interview does harm to the performance
according to a recent research which found that sleep is necessary for memories to be
taken back into the brain.A good night's sleep within 30 hours of trying to remember a
new task is a required condition of having good recall in the weeks ahead,scientists
have found.
The research,published in the December issue of Nature Neuroscience,showed that
it was the act of sleep,rather than the simple passage of time,that was critical for
long-term memory formation.
"We think that getting that first night's sleep starts the process of memory consolidation
（巩固）,"said Robert Stickgold, a sleep researcher at Harvard Medical School who
conducted the latest study.
"It seems that memories normally wash out of the brain unless some process nails them
down.My suspicion is that sleep is one of those things that does the nailing down,"
Professor Stickgold said.
With about one in five people claiming that they are so chronically short of sleep that it
affects their daily activities,the latest work emphasizes the less well一understood side
effect一serious memory impairment（损害）.
Volunteers in an experiment found it easier to remember a memory task if they were
allowed to sleep that night.But for those kept awake,no amount of subsequent sleep
made up for the initial loss.
Professor Stickgold's team trained 24 people to identify the direction of three diagonal
（斜线形的）bars flashed for a sixtieth of a second on a computer screen full of horizontal
（水平的）stripes.
Half of the subjects were kept awake that night,while the others slept.Both groups
were allowed to sleep for the second and third nights to make up for any differences in
tiredness between the volunteers.
Those who slept the first night were significantly and consistently better at remembering
the task while the second group showed no improvement despite enjoying two nights of
catch-up sleep.
In Stickgold's experiment,those who were kept awake on the first night
A:could very well remember the direction of the diagonal bars.
B:didn't do any better after two nights' sleep.
C:were as tired as those who were not.
D:could recall the direction of more bars than those who were not.
A:could very well remember the direction of the diagonal bars.
B:didn't do any better after two nights' sleep.
C:were as tired as those who were not.
D:could recall the direction of more bars than those who were not.
答案：B
解析：