Why do we say assessment has great backwash effects on foreign language teaching and learning?

资料：What if you were told there was a way you may strengthen your cognitive skills and heighten your intelligence, and all you had to do was was learn to strike up basic conversations in another language?
It probably sounds great, because if you’re like most you would love to be able to speak a second language. But then, you recall your experience in high school foreign language-boring tote memorization and long hours with little progress-and perhaps it doesn’t sound so good any more.
But, what if you were told it would take only 10 days to be on your way to becoming bilingual? Most people recognize the many benefits of learning a foreign language: You can travel to foreign countries and fell comfortable, be a more productive and enticing employee in today’s competitive job market, and immerse yourself in the vast cultures that surround you.
But now, the collective evidence from a number of recent studies suggests that the bilingual experience improves the brain’s so-called executive function-a command system that directs the attention processes that we use for planning, solving problems, and performing various other mentally demanding tasks.
These processes include the ability to ignore distractions to stay focused, switching attention willfully from one thing to another, and holding information in the mind-like remembering a sequence of directions while driving.
Even better, new approaches to learning mean you can learn a new language without the endless repetition, homework, and memorization. One of the most powerful actually trains people to start speaking a new language in as little as 10 days! In fact, it’s so powerful, even the FBI has purchased it!
Want to know more about this amazing approach? Click here!

The passage is most likely ________.

A.attracting readers to a new approach that will help them become bilingual in 10 days
B.introducing various ways of learning a foreign language
C.explaining the benefits of learning a foreign language
D.making readers pay attention to the importance of learning foreign languages

Which of the following is NOT true about the assessment in language teaching?

A．Testing does not equate with assessment.
B．Summative assessment focuses on the process of learning.
C．The students themselves should be given the chance to evaluate their own performance.
D．Assessment means to discover what the learners know and can do at certain stage of the learning process.

The reasons for teaching writing to students of English as a foreign language include reinforcement, language ___________, learning style and, most importantly, writing as a skill in its own right.

A.acquisition
B.learning
C.exposure
D.development

共用题干
Why Is the Native Language Learnt So Well?

How does it happen that children learn their mother tongue so well?When we compare them with adults
learning a foreign language,we often find this interesting fact.A little child without knowledge or experience
often succeeds in a complete mastery(精通）of the language,A grown-up person with fully developed mental
powers,in most cases,may end up with a faulty and inexact command（掌握）.What accounts for this
difference?
Despite other explanations,the real answer in my opinion lies partly in the child himself,partly in the
behavior of thle people around him.In the first place,the time of learning the mother tongue is the most fa-
vorable of all,namely,the first years of life.A child hears it spoken from morning till night and,what is
more important,always in its genuine form,wirth the right pronunciation,right intonation,right use of words
and right structure. He drinks in（吸收）all the words and expressions, which come to him in a flash, ever-
bubbling( 冒泡的）spring. There is no resistailce: there is perfect assimilation.
Then the child has,as it were,private lessons all the year round，while an adult language-student has
each week a limited number of hours,which he generally shares with others.The child has another advan-
tage:he hears the language in all possible situations,always accompanied by the right kind of gestures and
facial expiessiotis.Here there is nothing unnatural,such as is often found in language lessons in schools,
when noe talks aboult ice and snow in June or scorching heat in January.And what a child hears is generally
what immediately interests him.Again and again,when his attempts at speech are successful,his desires are
understood and fulfilled.
Finally,though a child's"teachers"may not have been trained in language teaching,their relations
with him are always close and personal.They take great pains to make their lessons easy.

So far as language teaching is concerned,the teacher's close personal relationship with the student is more important than the professional language teaching training he has received.
A:Right
B:Wrong
C:Not mentioned