教师招聘
The men and women of Anglo-Saxon England normally bore one name only. Distinguishing epithets were rarely added. These might be patronymic, descriptive or occupational. They were, however, hardly surnames. Heritable names gradually became general in the t
题目
British surnames fall mainly into four broad categories: patronymic, occupational, descriptive and local. A few names, it is true, will remain puzzling: foreign names, perhaps, crudely translated, adapted or abbreviated; or artificial names.
In fact, over fifty per cent of genuine British surnames derive from place names of different kinds, and so they belong to the last of our four main categories. Even such a name as Simpson may belong to this last group, and not to the first, had the family once had its home in the ancient village of that name. Otherwise, Simpson means "the son of Simon", as might be expected.
Hundreds of occupational surnames are at once familiar to us, or at least recognisable after a little thought: Archer, Carter, Fisher, Mason, Thatcher, Taylor, to name but a few. Hundreds of others are more obscure in their meanings and testify to the amazing specialization in medieval arts, crafts and functions. Such are "Day" (old English for breadmaker) and "Walker" (a fuller whose job was to clean and thicken newly made cloth).
All these vocational names carry with them a certain gravity and dignity, which descriptive names often lack. Some, it is true, like "Long", "Short" or "Little", are simple. They may be taken quite literally. Others require more thinking; their meanings are slightly different from the modern ones. "Black" and "White" implied dark and fair respectively. "Sharp" meant genuinely discerning, alert, acute rather than quick-witted or clever.
Place-names have a lasting interest since there is hardly a town or village in all England that has not at some time given its name to a family. They may be picturesque, even poetical; or they may be pedestrian, even trivial. Among the commoner names which survive with relatively little change from old-English times are "Milton" (middle enclosure) and "Hilton" (enclosure on a hill).
The underlined word "epithets" in Paragraph 1 most probably means ____________.
B.a word in front of a person' s name to show their rank or profession
C.an offensive word or phrase that is used about a person or group of people
D.an adjective or phrase that is used to describe somebody/something's character or most important quality
相似问题和答案
第1题：
The reason for the old woman's secret burial was that the three women ______.
A. were too sad to let the public know it
B. had no money to arrange for a public funeral
C. wanted to collect the old woman's pension
D. were afraid that they might be put into prison
49．答案为C 此考题为细节题。作者在文章中指出，三个妇女为了能继续领取老妇人的退休金，在老妇人死后两年内直秘不发丧而采取了秘密埋葬的方式，故应选C。
第2题：
A、is enjoyed
B、enjoys
C、were enjoying
D、enjoy
第3题：
Text 4 The most thoroughly studied in the history of the new world are the ministers and political leaders of seventeenth-century New England. According to the standard history of American philosophy, nowhere else in colonial America was “So much important attached to intellectual pursuits ” According to many books and articles, New England’s leaders established the basic themes and preoccupations of an unfolding, dominant Puritan tradition in American intellectual life.
To take this approach to the New Englanders normally mean to start with the Puritans’ theological innovations and their distinctive ideas about the church-important subjects that we may not neglect. But in keeping with our examination of southern intellectual life, we may consider the original Puritans as carriers of European culture adjusting to New world circumstances. The New England colonies were the scenes of important episodes in the pursuit of widely understood ideals of civility and virtuosity.
The early settlers of Massachusetts Bay included men of impressive education and influence in England. `Besides the ninety or so learned ministers who came to Massachusetts church in the decade after 1629,There were political leaders like John Winthrop, an educated gentleman, lawyer, and official of the Crown before he journeyed to Boston. There men wrote and published extensively, reaching both New World and Old World audiences, and giving New England an atmosphere of intellectual earnestness.
We should not forget , however, that most New Englanders were less well educated. While few crafts men or farmers, let alone dependents and servants, left literary compositions to be analyzed, The in thinking often had a traditional superstitions quality. A tailor named John Dane, who emigrated in the late 1630s, left an account of his reasons for leaving England that is filled with signs. sexual confusion, economic frustrations , and religious hope-all name together in a decisive moment when he opened the Bible, told his father the first line he saw would settle his fate, and read the magical words: “come out from among them, touch no unclean thing , and I will be your God and you shall be my people.” One wonders what Dane thought of the careful sermons explaining the Bible that he heard in puritan churched.
Mean while , many settles had slighter religious commitments than Dane’s, as one clergyman learned in confronting folk along the coast who mocked that they had not come to the New world for religion . “Our main end was to catch fish. ”
36. The author notes that in the seventeenth-century New England___________.
[A] Puritan tradition dominated political life.
[B] intellectual interests were encouraged.
[C] Politics benefited much from intellectual endeavors.
[D] intellectual pursuits enjoyed a liberal environment.
第4题：
C
It is hardly surprising that clothing manufacturers （生产商）follow certain uniform. standards for various features（特征）of clothes. What seems strange , however, is that the standard adopted for women is the opposite of the one for men. Take a look at the way your clothes button. Men’s clothes tend to button from the right, and women’s form. the left. Considering most of the word’s population-men and women-are right-handed, the men’s standard would appear to make more sense for women. So why do women’s clothes button from the left?
History really seems to matter here. Button first appeared only on the clothes of the rich in the
17th century, when rich women were dressed by servants. For the mostly right-handed servants, having women’s shirts button from the left would be easier. On the other hang, having men’s shirts button form. the right made sense, too. Most men dressed themselves, and a sword drawn from the left with the right hang would be less likely to get caught in the shirt.
Today women are seldom dressed by servants, but buttoning form. the left is still the standard for them. Is it interesting? Actually, a standard , once set, resists change. At a time when all women’s shirts buttoned form. the left, it would have been risky for any single manufacture to offer women’s shirts that buttoned the right. After all, women had grown so used to shirts which buttoned from the left and would have to develop new habits and skills to switch. Besides from the right, since anyone who noticed that would believe they were wearing men’s shirts.
64. What is surprising about the standard of the clothing industry?
A. It has been followed by the industry for over 400 years.
B. It is different for men’s clothing and women’s.
C. It woks better with men than with women.
D. It fails to consider right-handed people.
第5题：
Dr. Singer thinks men are more suitable to maintain justice and issue punishment than women because _______ .
A. men's brain's empathy centers remained dull when punishment was executed
B. women's pleasure centers were lit up with punishment implemented
C. men have no response when seeing punishment executed
D. men had different experiences from women
A 推理判断题。Dr. Singer之所以认为男人更适合维持公正、执行惩罚是和其天生的本性有关的，从文章前面可以看出，男人看到惩罚坏人时会有愉悦感，而女人则有一点怜悯感，这就是男人比女人更适合做这些工作的原因。选项A“执行惩罚时神入中心呈迟钝状”，说明这是没有同情的感情在；B“执行惩罚时女人的愉悦中心会发亮”，和文章事实相反；C“男人看到执行惩罚时没有反应”，而文中提到其愉悦中心发亮，有愉悦感；D“男人和女人有不同的经历”。故选A。
第6题：
A、were both womens
B、both were women-driver
C、both were women drivers
D、were both women-drivers
第7题：
The role of women in Britain has changed a lot in this century, () in the last twenty years. The main change has been () giving women greater equality with men. Up to the beginning of this century, women seem to have had () rights. They could not vote and were kept at home. () , as far as we know, most women were happy with this situ ation. Today, women in Britain certainly () more rights than they used to. They were () the vote in 1919. In 1970 a law was passed to give them an equal () of wealth in the case of divorce, () the Equal Pay Act gave them the right of equal pay with men for work of equal value in the same year. Yet () these changes, there are still great difference in status between men and women. Many employers seem to () the Equal Pay Act, and the average working women is () to earn only about half that a man earns for the same job. () a survey, at present, only one-third of the country’s workers are () women. This small percentage is partly () a shortage of nurseries. If there were () nurseries, twice as many women might well go out to work
A.but
B.and
C.because
D.although
第8题：
Passage Four
Women earn less than men do. For example, in 1998 the hourly wages of women in the U. S. were 26% less than those of men.
The gap between male and female incomes varies with age. The gap between the labor incomes of young women and young men
varies. It's also clear that jobs in which women are concentrated pay less. The larger the number of workers who are women in ran
industry, the lower the average wages.
Why do women earn less than men do? Can the differences be explained by the fact that women are looked
down upon? If so, the government has to intervene(干预), to force the employers to pay equal wages to equal jobs. However, there is no agreement among economists about the causes of
the gap. One view argues that women, on the average, have chosen low-paying jobs in which workers enjoy the freedom of entering and leaving the labor force, which reduces their years of experience relative
to men. Other people say the gap can also be explained by the difference in educational background.
Much of the gap, however, has not been fully explained. It might be the result of some prejudice (偏见) against women. It is this part that has produced calls for government action. What would happen if the government did intervene to
increase the wages paid to women? One possibility is that incomes for women as a group might actually decline (下降). An increase in wage decreases the quantity of labor imput demanded, resulting in decreased employment as the rate of hiring new
workers declines. The result will be a surplus 过剩) of labor. Those who can find jobs might be better off while those who had jobs
might find themselves out of work.
48. Some economists believe women earn less than men partly because______.
A. there are more than enough women in the labor force
B. women have more freedom in selecting jobs
C. women are only provided with low-paid jobs
D. women are less experienced than men
此题为细节分析推论题。文章的第二段内可以找到句子：One view…which reduces their year of experience background。有一种观点认为是女性就业时，更倾向于选择自由性更强但报酬更低的行业，这也导致她们的工作经验不如男性。
第9题：
C It is have xxxxxx that clothing manufacturcrs(生产商)follow certa a untharm standards far yarious featurce(特征)of clothes. What seerns strange, however. Is that the xxxxxx adopted for women is the opposite of the one for men. Take a look at the way your clodns buntm. Men’s clothes tend to button from the right, and women’s form. the left. Lonsidering most of the world’s popalation—men and women—are right-handnd, the men’s standard would apper inake more sense for women. Xxxxx why do women’s clethes bution from the left? Histov mally coms to matter here. Buttons finst appcaned only on the lothes or the rich in the 17th camary. When rich women were dressed by servents. For the mostly right-hand-d servants, having women’s shirts button from the left would be easier. On the other hand, having men’s shirt button from the right made secse.too. Most men dressed themselves, and a swont drawn from the lelt with the right hand would be lese likely to get catght in the sairt. Tady women are seldom dressed by scryants. Hat tuaoning from the lefts still the standard for them. Is it intcesting? Actually, a standoont, once set, resists change. At a time when all women’s shirts buttoned from the left, it would have been risky for any sigle manufactura is offer women’s shirts that battoned from the right. After all, women had grown so used to shirts whirt unored from the left and would have to devclop new habits and skills to switch. Benides, come women might have found it socially awkward to appear in public wearing shirts that buttoned from the right, since anyone who rociced that would believe they were wearing men’s shirts.
第64题：What is surprising about the standard of the clothing industry?
A.It has been followed by the industry for over 400 years.
B.It is different for men’s clothing and women’s.
C.It works better with men than with women.
D.It fails to consider right-handed people.
第10题：
While attractiveness is a positive factor for a man on his way up the executive ladder, it is harmful to a woman.
Handsome male executives were thought as having more integrity than plainer men; effort and ability were thought to account for their success.
Attractive female executives were considered to have less integrity than unattractive ones; their success was attributed not to ability but to factors such as luck.
All unattractive women executives were thought to have more integrity and to be more capable than the attractive female executives. Interestingly, though, the rise of the unattractive overnight successes was attributed more to personal relationships and less to ability than that of attractive overnight successes.
Why are attractive women not thought to be able? An attractive woman is thought to be more feminine and an attractive man more masculine (有男子气概的) than the less attractive ones. Thus, an attractive woman has an advantage in traditionally female jobs, but an attractive woman in a traditionally masculine position appears to lack the "masculine" qualities required.
This is true even in politics. ′When the only clue is how he or she looks, people treat men and women differently,′ says Anne Bowman, who recently published a study on the effects of attractiveness on political candidates. She asked 125 undergraduate students to rank two groups of photographs, one of men and one of women, in order of attractiveness. The students were told the photographs were of candidates for political offices. They were asked to rank them again, in the order they would vote for them.
The results showed that attractive males utterly defeated unattractive men, but the women who had been ranked most attractive invariably received the fewest votes.
It can be inferred from the passage that people′ s views on beauty are often ____________.
B.supportive
C.old-fashioned
D.one-sided