00830现代语言学
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相似问题和答案
第1题：
共用题干
第二篇
Night of the Living Ants
When an ant dies,other ants move the dead insect out of the nest.This behavior is interesting to scien-
tists,who wonder how ants know for sure一and so soon一that another ant is dead.
Dong-Hwan Choe,a scientist at the University of California,found that Argentine ants have a chemical
on the outside of their bodies that signals to other ants,"I'm dead一take me away."
But there's a twist to Choe's discovery. These ants behave a little bit like zombies（僵尸）.Choe says
that the living ants一not just the dead ones一have this death chemicals. In other words,while an ant crawls
around,perhaps in a picnic or home,it's telling other ants that it's dead.
What keeps ants from hauling away the living dead? Choe found that Argentine ants have two additional
chemicals on their bodies,and these tell nearby ants something like,"Wait一I'm not dead yet."So Choe's
research turned up two sets of chemical signals in ants:one says,"I'm dead,"the other set says,"I'm not
dead yet."
Other scientists have tried to figure out how ants know when another ant is dead.If an ant is knocked
unconscious,other ants leave it alone until it wakes up.That means ants know that unmoving ants can still be
alive.
Choe suspects that when an Argentine ant dies,the chemical that says"Wait一I'm not dead yet"quickly
goes away. Once that chemical is gone,only the one that says"I'm dead"is left."It's because the dead ant
no longer smells like a living ant that it gets carried to the graveyard（墓地）,not because its body releases
new,unique chemicals after death,"said Choe.When other ants detect the"dead"chemical without the"not
dead yet" chemical,they haul away the body. This was Choe's hypothesis（假设）.
To test his hypothesis,Choe and his team put different chemicals on Argentine ant pupae（蛹）.When
the scientists used the"I'm dead"chemical,other ants quickly hauled the treated pupae away.When the sci-
entists used the"Wait一I'm not dead yet"chemical,other ants left the treated pupae alone.Choe believes
this behavior shows that the" not dead yet" chemical overrides（优先于）the" dead" chemical when picked up
by adult ants.And that when an ant dies,the"not dead yet"chemical fades away.Other nearby ants then de-
tect the remaining"dead"chemical and remove the body from the nest.
第二篇
Night of the Living Ants
When an ant dies,other ants move the dead insect out of the nest.This behavior is interesting to scien-
tists,who wonder how ants know for sure一and so soon一that another ant is dead.
Dong-Hwan Choe,a scientist at the University of California,found that Argentine ants have a chemical
on the outside of their bodies that signals to other ants,"I'm dead一take me away."
But there's a twist to Choe's discovery. These ants behave a little bit like zombies（僵尸）.Choe says
that the living ants一not just the dead ones一have this death chemicals. In other words,while an ant crawls
around,perhaps in a picnic or home,it's telling other ants that it's dead.
What keeps ants from hauling away the living dead? Choe found that Argentine ants have two additional
chemicals on their bodies,and these tell nearby ants something like,"Wait一I'm not dead yet."So Choe's
research turned up two sets of chemical signals in ants:one says,"I'm dead,"the other set says,"I'm not
dead yet."
Other scientists have tried to figure out how ants know when another ant is dead.If an ant is knocked
unconscious,other ants leave it alone until it wakes up.That means ants know that unmoving ants can still be
alive.
Choe suspects that when an Argentine ant dies,the chemical that says"Wait一I'm not dead yet"quickly
goes away. Once that chemical is gone,only the one that says"I'm dead"is left."It's because the dead ant
no longer smells like a living ant that it gets carried to the graveyard（墓地）,not because its body releases
new,unique chemicals after death,"said Choe.When other ants detect the"dead"chemical without the"not
dead yet" chemical,they haul away the body. This was Choe's hypothesis（假设）.
To test his hypothesis,Choe and his team put different chemicals on Argentine ant pupae（蛹）.When
the scientists used the"I'm dead"chemical,other ants quickly hauled the treated pupae away.When the sci-
entists used the"Wait一I'm not dead yet"chemical,other ants left the treated pupae alone.Choe believes
this behavior shows that the" not dead yet" chemical overrides（优先于）the" dead" chemical when picked up
by adult ants.And that when an ant dies,the"not dead yet"chemical fades away.Other nearby ants then de-
tect the remaining"dead"chemical and remove the body from the nest.
According to Paragraph 7,what is the result. of the test on Choe's hypothesis?
A:It shows that his hypothesis is wrong.
B:It proves that his hypothesis is convincing.
C:It suggests that his hypothesis needs revising.
D:Not enough evidence has been found to support his hypothesis.
A:It shows that his hypothesis is wrong.
B:It proves that his hypothesis is convincing.
C:It suggests that his hypothesis needs revising.
D:Not enough evidence has been found to support his hypothesis.
答案：B
解析：
第二段提到：加州大学的科学家周东环发现阿根廷蚂蚁的身体能向外释放一种化学物 质来告诉同伴：“我死了，把我挪走吧。”
根据第五段第二句可推断出C项错误。
倒数第二段提到：一只阿根廷蚂蚁死后，发出“等等，我还没死呢”这一信号的化学物质 立刻消失，因此选D。
周的假设是表明“我死了”的化学物质是蚂蚁本身就有的，而非死后释放的。它和表明 “我没死”的化学物质同时存在于活着的蚂蚁身上，只不过其优先权不如表明“我没死”的化学 物质。实验结果是：当科学家用“我已死”化学物质时，蚂蚁们立刻将处理过的蛹拉走。当科 学家使用“等等，我还没死”化学物质时，其他蚂蚁并不碰这个蛹。所以，周的假设是正确的。
本文主要讲述了蚂蚁们如何迅速准确地得知同伴死了，所以选D。 第三篇 本文介绍了在山口发现的一具躺在冰上的尸体，以及由此引发的研究和种种猜测。
根据第五段第二句可推断出C项错误。
倒数第二段提到：一只阿根廷蚂蚁死后，发出“等等，我还没死呢”这一信号的化学物质 立刻消失，因此选D。
周的假设是表明“我死了”的化学物质是蚂蚁本身就有的，而非死后释放的。它和表明 “我没死”的化学物质同时存在于活着的蚂蚁身上，只不过其优先权不如表明“我没死”的化学 物质。实验结果是：当科学家用“我已死”化学物质时，蚂蚁们立刻将处理过的蛹拉走。当科 学家使用“等等，我还没死”化学物质时，其他蚂蚁并不碰这个蛹。所以，周的假设是正确的。
本文主要讲述了蚂蚁们如何迅速准确地得知同伴死了，所以选D。 第三篇 本文介绍了在山口发现的一具躺在冰上的尸体，以及由此引发的研究和种种猜测。
第2题：
This hypothesis states that environments that are too clean may actually make the __ system develop oversensitive responses.
A. mental
B. nervous
C. immune
D. physical
B. nervous
C. immune
D. physical
答案：C
解析：
第3题：
Observation is______________ qualitative research with no hypothesis.
A.description-oriented
B.experimental research
C.action research
D.deductive
正确答案：A
第4题：
Which of the following best describes the organization of the last paragraph of the passage？( )
A.An observation is made and qualifications of it are provided.
B.A phenomenon is noted and explanations for it are presented.
C.A hypothesis is presented and arguments against it are cited.
D.A prognosis is made and evidence supporting it is discussed.
B.A phenomenon is noted and explanations for it are presented.
C.A hypothesis is presented and arguments against it are cited.
D.A prognosis is made and evidence supporting it is discussed.
答案：B
解析：
结构题。第四段第一句话意为For complicated reasons，American Indian poetry has basically been ignored by non-lndian cultures，这是一种现象。故本题选B。参考译文：大多数北美人对美国印第安人的文化和历史知之甚少，这是很不幸的事实。学者们研究了这些事实，但是他们还没有成功地让这些结论广为人知。因此，很少有人知道美国印第安人有叙事诗，在欧洲人到来之前的很长一段时间，他们表演戏剧，推行政治，进行交易。想要更全面地欣赏美国印第安人丰富文化的方式之一是去研究其诗歌，因为诗歌在任何文化中都是艺术最中心和最清晰的表达。对我们来说研究美国印第安人的诗歌尤其重要，因为诗歌可以创造一个背景，这个背景可以给予我们有关工艺、史前古器物和一些孤立的事实呈现整体表达，不管你愿意与否.这已经成功地让许多美国人注意到这些事实。一个关于美国印第安人诗歌的调查甚至揭示了一系列公然挑衅简单泛化诗歌的思想和技巧。然而，杰罗尔德·拉姆齐冒险做了概述，这一概述是为了让外行的读者至少能够感受到美国印第安人诗歌的样貌。总之，他写道，诗歌代表了“一种口头的、固化的、传统的和匿名的艺术形式”，它通过强调现实中“神话和神圣”部分的方式来呈现，“通过公共表演而繁荣起来……通过技艺高超演唱者演绎观众已然知道诗歌中所包含的个人故事”。并且，诗歌重视表演者，因为他们“有能力去探索他们的戏剧性的材料，并将他们(的故事)与漫长的岁月相结合”，而不是为了他们的“情节创作”。因为，诗歌属于具有高度种族中心主义的部落人民，对于他们的文化“我们仍然知之甚少”，因此“看起来更简洁、更神秘”。拉姆齐忽略了美国印第安人诗歌的另一个特色：功能性。无论是唱、吟诵或者背诵，无论是出于娱乐或作为任务的一部分(例如治愈病人或磨玉米)而进行的仪式上的表演，或者无论是个人背诵还是组队背诵，诗歌总是完全地融入到普通人的生活中。由于一些复杂的原因，美国印第安人的诗歌基本被非印第安人的文化给忽略了。肯尼斯·林肯写道，听不到美国印第安人的声音是因为“一部分是……部落混乱的悲剧，一部分是错译，一部分是关于文学的误解，还有一部分是对文化的不重视”。布莱恩·斯旺补充了一个解释：部落诗歌是口头的，而欧洲人抵达这个新世界的时候是带着“书写是首位”这种根深蒂固的信仰来的。结果，欧洲殖民者发现很难想象如果没有书面文字诗歌还能够存在。因此在欧洲人抵达这里之前的很长一段时间内，美国印第安人已经取得了一些成就，这些成就与欧洲所说的文学旗鼓相当。结果，欧洲人完全没有表达出美国印第安人诗歌的活力。
第5题：
请解释何谓“消费函数之谜(Consumption Puzzle)”？请问莫迪利安尼(Franco Modigliani)如何用生命周期假说( Life Cycle Hypothesis)来解释短期消费函数和长期消费函数的不同？
答案：
解析：
用生命周期假说或永久收入假说解释消费函数之谜是宏观经济学的重要考点，建议考生平时多进行比较分析，熟练掌握基础知识，并多做相关题目。作答时，应首先回答消费函数之谜的内容，然后用生命周期理论来解释消费函数之谜。
(1)一战后的经验数据表明，凯恩斯的绝对收入假说与现实经济运行情况并不吻合，实际中的消费函数如图1—5
所示。短期消费函数平均消费倾向下降，而长期消费函数平均消费倾向不变，这称为消费函数之谜。 (2)生命周期的消费理论由莫迪利安尼提出，该理论认为，人的理性消费是为了一生的效用最大化，强调人们会在更长时间范围内平稳他们的生活消费开支，以达到他们在整个生命周期内消费的最佳配置。按照该理论，消费不取决于现期收入，而主要取决于一生的收入。生命周期消费函数可用公式表示为
式中，W为实际财富;α为财富的边际消费倾向;Y为工作收入；β为工作收入的边际消费倾向。平均消费倾向为
从短期来看，人们的财富相对稳定，收入的增加不会带来财富的变化，因此随着收入的增加，平均消费倾向有下降的趋势；而从长期来看，人们的财富会随着收入的增加而同比例增加，因此随着收入的增加，W/Y 不变，平均消费倾向保持不变。这样，从长期来看，无数条具有正截距的短期消费曲线就构成了一条具有零截距的长期消费函数。
(1)一战后的经验数据表明，凯恩斯的绝对收入假说与现实经济运行情况并不吻合，实际中的消费函数如图1—5
所示。短期消费函数平均消费倾向下降，而长期消费函数平均消费倾向不变，这称为消费函数之谜。 (2)生命周期的消费理论由莫迪利安尼提出，该理论认为，人的理性消费是为了一生的效用最大化，强调人们会在更长时间范围内平稳他们的生活消费开支，以达到他们在整个生命周期内消费的最佳配置。按照该理论，消费不取决于现期收入，而主要取决于一生的收入。生命周期消费函数可用公式表示为
式中，W为实际财富;α为财富的边际消费倾向;Y为工作收入；β为工作收入的边际消费倾向。平均消费倾向为
从短期来看，人们的财富相对稳定，收入的增加不会带来财富的变化，因此随着收入的增加，平均消费倾向有下降的趋势；而从长期来看，人们的财富会随着收入的增加而同比例增加，因此随着收入的增加，W/Y 不变，平均消费倾向保持不变。这样，从长期来看，无数条具有正截距的短期消费曲线就构成了一条具有零截距的长期消费函数。
第6题：
The results of the study _____ the hypothesis that had been proposed by researchers at the National Medical Institute.
A. confirmed
B. submitted
C. certified
D. depended
B. submitted
C. certified
D. depended
答案：A
解析：
第7题：
持久收入假说(Permanent-income hypothesis)
答案：
解析：
持久收入假说由美国经济学家米尔顿·弗里德曼提出。持久收入假说认为人的收入会有暂时性变动。于是，现期收入分为持久收入和暂时收入两部分，即
弗里德曼认为消费主要取决于持久收入，即
因为消费者对收入暂时变动的反应是通过储蓄和借贷来稳定消费的。平均消费倾向
从弗里德曼消费函数和平均消费倾向APC的式子可以得出： (1)在短期，收入波动由暂时收入决定。当暂时收入上升时，平均消费倾向暂时性地下降；反之，当暂时收入下降时，平均消费倾向暂时性地上升。所以，高收入年份也是平均消费倾向低的年份。 (2)长期中，平均消费倾向取决于永久收入，不发生明显的变化。
弗里德曼认为消费主要取决于持久收入，即
因为消费者对收入暂时变动的反应是通过储蓄和借贷来稳定消费的。平均消费倾向
从弗里德曼消费函数和平均消费倾向APC的式子可以得出： (1)在短期，收入波动由暂时收入决定。当暂时收入上升时，平均消费倾向暂时性地下降；反之，当暂时收入下降时，平均消费倾向暂时性地上升。所以，高收入年份也是平均消费倾向低的年份。 (2)长期中，平均消费倾向取决于永久收入，不发生明显的变化。
第8题：
what is IMO ?what is ISO 9000?what is ISM ?what is SMS system ?
正确答案：IMO is international maritime organization under the united nations . ISO9000 m\eans international standard organization ,an organization making the quality management standards and doing the quality audit service . ISM means international management code for the safe operation of ships and for pollution prevention .this is compulsory rule made by the IMO . The ISM code includes 16 chapters falling falling into two parts :implementation for part one ,and verification and certification for part one .the 16 chapters are : general ,safety and environment protection policy ,company responsibilities and authority ,designated persons ,master responsibility and authority ,resources and personnel ,development of plans for shipboard operation ,emergency preparedness , reports and analysis of non conformity ,accidents and hazardous occurrences , maintainence of the ship and equipment ,documentation ,company verification ,review and evaluation ,certification and verifications and control ,certification and periodical verification ,verification ,interim certification ,and forms of certificates .the last four chapters are newly added in the new version of ISM Code . SMS means safety management system ,and this system is mad based on the 16 elements of ISM Code ,which is a compulsory part SOLAS 74 .the shipowner or manager cannot get document of compliance (DOC) and SMC without audited safety management certificate (SMC) by class designated by the flag registry country adiministration .
第9题：
The hypothesis that the explosion was caused by a rock colliding with the Earth
A. has remained a puzzle
B. lacks sufficient evidence
C. is a university professor
D. was generated by the explosion
E. will kill many animals
F. are attacked by aliens
B. lacks sufficient evidence
C. is a university professor
D. was generated by the explosion
E. will kill many animals
F. are attacked by aliens
答案：B
解析：
第10题：
What is the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis?
Sapir-Whorf proposed first that all higher levels of thinking are dependent on language. Or put it more bluntly, language determines thought, hence the strong notion of linguistic determinism. Because languages differ in many ways, Whorf also believed that speakers of different languages perceive and experience the world differently, that is, relative to their linguistic background, hence the notion of linguistic relativism. In short, the strong version of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis proposes that the language we speak determines the way we perceive the world and therefore the nature of thought.
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